Infant feeding

Gelatin can be a source of essential amino acids when used as a diet supplement and therapeutic agent. As such, it has been widely used in muscular disorders, peptic ulcers, and infant feeding, and to spur nail growth. Gelatin is not a complete protein for mammalian nutrition, however, since it is lacking in the essential amino acid tryptophan [73-22-3] and is deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. 

It was thought previously that there were no inborn odor preferences that these are learned from experience. However, studies at the MoneU Center have indicated that flavors consumed by a mother and transmitted into the milk influence the feeding behavior of her infant. When mothers consume gadic, their infants feed longer than when no gadic is consumed (7). 

KInder-balsam, m. soothing sirup, -emah-rung, /. infant feeding child nutrition, -iahmung, / infantile paralysis, -mehl, n. (powdered) infant food, -nahrmittei, n. infant food, -pech, n. meconium, -pulver, n. (Pharm.) compound powder of rhubarb, -schleim, m., -schmiere, /. vernix caseosa. -seife, /. nursery soap. 

Lutter C, Iyengar V, Barnes R, et al. 1998. Breast milk contamination in Kazakhstan implications for infant feeding. Chemosphere 37(9-12) 1761-1772. 

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PAEDIATRICS (1998) Soy proteiu-based formulas recommendations for use in infant feeding (RE9806). Paediatrics. 101 148-53. 

SHARPE R M, MARTIN B, MORRIS K, GREIG I, MCKINNELL, MCNEILLY A S, WALKER M (2002) Infant feeding with soy formula mflk effects on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular activity. Human Reproduction. 17 1692-1703. 

EC, European Commission (2011) Commission Directive 2011/8/EU of 28 January 2011 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles, Brussels (Belgium)... 

In premature infants, feedings are started at lower rates or volumes, usually 10 to 20 mL/kg/day. 

Mizuno, K. and Ueda, A. (2004) Antenatal olfactory learning influences infant feeding. Early Human Dev. 76, 83-90. 

Owen, M.J., et al. (1993). Relation of infant feeding practices cigarette smoke exposure and group children care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first years of life, J. Pediatric., 123, 702-710. 

Human milk is rich in essential fatty acids of both the omega-3 and omega-6 families. This suggests that the activity of the A -desaturase may be too low in the infant to provide a sufficient amount of these fatty acids for development of tissues, particularly the brain and retina. It has been shown that development of visual acuity in infants is dependent upon the presence of docosahexaenoic acid in mother s milk. Hence, it is recommended that breastfeeding should be carried out for as long as 12 months after birth. These fatty acids are now added to commercial infant feeds (Chapter 15, Table 15.8). 

Uses. A high-production-volume chemical used in manufacture of epoxy-phenolic resins (protective linings for food and beverage cans) monomer for polycarbonate resins (used in food contact materials such as returnable beverage bottles, infant feeding bottles, plates, and mugs) antioxidant in PVC plastics inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC plastics... 

Lactation Mexiletine appears in breast milk in concentrations similar to those in plasma. If mexiletine is essential, consider alternative infant feeding. 

Beaudry, M., Dufour, R., and Marcoux, S. (1995). Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. /. Pediatr. 126,191-197. 

Davis, M. K. (1998). Review of the evidence for an association between infant feeding and childhood cancer. Int. J. Cancer. Suppl, 11, 29-33. 

Williamson, M. T., and Murti, P. K. (1996). Effects of storage, time, temperature, and composition of containers on biologic components of human milk. /. Hum. Lact. 12,31-35. Wilson, A. C., Eorsyth, J. S., Greene, S. A., Irvine, L., Hau, C., and Howie, P. W. (1998). Relation of infant diet to childhood health Seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. BMJ 316, 21-25. 

Other frozen dairy products. Although milk may become frozen inadvertently, freezing is not a common commercial practice. However, concentrated or unconcentrated milks are sometimes frozen commercially, e.g. to supply remote locations (as an alternative to dried or UHT milk), to store sheep s or goats milk, production of which is seasonal, or human milk for infant feeding in emergencies (milk banks). 

Whole cow s milk is recommended for infant feeding when the infant over six months of age is eating approximately 20 g beikost (foods other than milk or formula) daily (i.e., equivalent to about one and one half 4.75 oz jars (135 g) of strained foods commercially prepared for infants) (Anderson et al. 1985 American Academy of Pediatrics 1983,... 

Cow s milk contains about 4.8% lactose, whereas human milk contains 7% (Fomon 1974). Lactose is used in the preparation of modified cow s milk formulas for infant feeding to duplicate as closely as possible the lactose content of human milk. Although a specific need for... 

Bishop NJ. 1992. Aluminium in infants feeding is it a problem Eur J Clin Nutr 46(supp 4) s37-s39. 

Steams, G., Soya bean flour in infant feeding Study of relation of comparative intakes of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus on excretion and retention of these elements. Am.. Diseases Children 46, 7-16 (1933). 

Oddy, W. H., Peat, J. K., and de Klerk, N. H. 2002. Maternal asthma, infant feeding and the risk of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110 65-67. 

AAP. 1998. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein-based formulas Recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics 101 148-153. 

Burr ML, Limb ES, Maguire MJ, Amarah L, Eldridge BA, Layzell JC, Merrett TG (1993) Infant feeding, wheezing, and allergy A prospective study. Arch Dis Child, 68(6) 724-728. 

Franklin, F.A. 1989. The effects of infant feeding practices on lipid and lipoprotein levels and metabolism. In Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, 2nd edn, (E. Lebenthal, ed.), pp. 503-514, Raven Press, New York. 

In the last few years, special attention has also been paid to the exposure of humans to bisphenol A (4 -dihydroxy-2,2-diphenyl, BPA Fig. 7.1), well-known for its estrogenic properties. BPA [28] is commonly used as an industrial plasticizer and is found in paints, flame retardants, unsaturated polyester resins, plastic food packaging, containers for water, infant feeding bottles, and foils used for food storage. Several studies have confirmed the presence of BPA, at a detectable level, in a wide variety of food containers [29-31]. Views on the potential danger... 

Lactic acid is also used as a food preservative. Therapeutically, lactic acid is used in injections, in the form of lactate, as a source of bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis as a spermicidal agent in pessaries for the treatment of leukorrhea in infant feeds and in topical formulations for the treatment of warts. 

Head and Hansen (415) added L-ascorbic acid (42.3 mg/L) to whole, chocolate, and low fat (1%) fluid milks to increase the ascorbic acid intake of school children. Three milk treatments were examined (C) pasteurized milk, (E) pasteurization (74°C for 16 s) after ascorbic acid addition, and (F) ascorbic acid addition after pasteurization. Storage (4°C) retention of ascorbic acid (Figure 9) was good, and the taste reactions of children were favorable. Previously Weinstein et al. (416) and Anderson et al. (417) had reported on ascorbic acid nutrified fluid milk to which ascorbic acid was added at 50 and 200 mg/L, respectively. Infant milks nutrified with ascorbic acid were investigated by Cameron (418) during the preparatory procedures prior to infant feeding. 

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