Depression associated with

Melatonin [73-31-4] C 2H N202 (31) has marked effects on circadian rhythm (11). Novel ligands for melatonin receptors such as (32) (12), C2yH2gN202, have affinities in the range of 10 Af, and have potential use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of the sleep disorders associated with jet lag. Such agents may also be usehil in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), the depression associated with the winter months. Histamine (see Histamine and histamine antagonists), adenosine (see Nucleic acids), and neuropeptides such as corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have also been reported to have sedative—hypnotic activities (7). 

Colligative properties can be sources of insight into not only the properties of solutions, but also the properties of the solute. For example, acetic acid, CH.COOH, behaves differently in two different solvents, (a) The freezing point of a 5.00% by mass aqueous acetic acid solution is — l.72°C. What is the molar mass of the solute Explain any discrepancy between the experimental and the expected molar mass, (b) The freezing-point depression associated with a 5.00% by mass solution of acetic acid in benzene is 2.32°C. Whar is the experimental molar mass of the solute in benzene What can you conclude about the nature of acetic acid in benzene ... 

Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. Clin Psychopharmacol 1 146—150, 1981 Ciraulo DA, Nace E Benzodiazepine treatment of anxiety or insomnia in substance abuse patients. Am J Addict 9 276—284, 2000 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH, et al Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxy-imipramine in alcoholics and normal controls. J StudAlcohol 51 366-372, 1990 Ciraulo DA, Knapp CM, LoCastro J, et al A benzodiazepine mood effect scale reliability and validity determined for alcohol-dependent subjects and adults with a parental history of alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27 339—347, 2001 Collins MA Tetrahydropapaveroline in Parkinson s disease and alcoholism a look back in honor of Merton Sandler. Neurotoxicology 25 117-120, 2004 COMBINE Study Research Group Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions in alcohol dependence rationale and methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1107-1122, 2003a... 

Roy-Byrne PP (1996). Generalized anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression association with disability and health care utilization. J Clin Psychiatry 57 (suppl. 7), 86-91. 

Light therapy is an alternative treatment for depression associated with seasonal (e.g., winter) exacerbations. Possible side effects include eye strain, headache, insomnia, and hypo-mania.16,17 Also, potentially vulnerable patients, such as those with photosensitivity or a history of skin cancer, should be evaluated carefully prior to therapy.16... 

It has been proposed that NO mediates the myocardial depression associated with sepsis (F6, L14). NO synthesis induced by endotoxin blunts beta-adrenergic responsiveness (B2). In vivo, the use of NO synthase inhibitors led to conflicting results (M26), with a general decreased cardiac output and oxygen delivery being observed. NO synthase inhibition improved left ventricular contractility in endo-toxemic pigs but also increased ventricular afterloads, which ultimately is detrimental to cardiac function (H20). Possible sources of NO in the heart may be the vascular cells, the endothelial cells, and the cardiac myocytes (P6). 

Respiratory effects There have been occasional reports of clinically significant respiratory depression associated with buprenorphine. 

Relief of symptoms of depression (except clomipramine). The activating properties of protriptyline make it particularly suitable for withdrawn and anergic patients. Agents with significant sedative action may be useful in depression associated with anxiety and sleep disturbances. The activating properties of protriptyline make it particularly suitable for withdrawn and anergic patients. 

These agents are effective in the treatment of a variety of depressive disorders like endogenous depression, depression associated with organic disease, reactive depression and depression combined with... 

Tranylcypromine ( rans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, TCP, 8a) has close structural similarity to amphetamine (2-amino-1-phenylpropane) and is known as a nonhydrazine, nonselective, and irreversible inhibitor of both MAO A and B. It is also a potent reversible inhibitor of CAOs [36,37], Tranylcypromine has an important clinical use for treatment of certain depressive illnesses, particularly of nonendo-genous and atypical depressions and depressions associated with anxiety, agitation, phobias, and anergia [38-40], In combination with lithium, it is also applied for treatment of refractory depression [41], Recent reports also discussed MAO inhibitors as useful agents against neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson s or Alzheimer s diseases [42], Despite impressive clinical successes, clinical use of tranylcypromine and other MAO inhibitors is limited by various problems, including the cheese effect discussed in Section 1,... 

Cognitive psychotherapeutic techniques have further been developed since their introduction by Beck et al. (1979), who demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment of depression. Several studies have extended Beck s cognitive therapy to adulthood schizophrenia with encouraging clinical results. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral approaches could be demonstrated in several key areas in schizophrenia, especially therapy-resistant hallucinations and delusions. Several approaches have also addressed therapeutic efforts in the treatment of associated symptoms such as anxiety and depression. In addition, cognitive-behavioral techniques have been shown to be effective in treatment of chronic schizophrenia, resulting in reduction of distress and disruption due to hallucinations and delusions. In some studies anxiety and depression associated with schizophrenia could also be reduced to some extent. The value of these techniques in children and adolescents has yet to be demonstrated. 

Other diagnostic indications. A few less well-known diagnostic indications for ECT exist. The use of ECT in patients with Parkinson s disease is receiving greater interest. ECT is an effective treatment for depressions associated with this illness and may also be of benefit for the motor manifestations [see C. H. Kellner et al. 1994 for review]. Other conditions in which the use of ECT may be appropriate include catatonia and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome [Sackeim et al. 1995]. 

Biochemical lesions that induce depressive syndromes include such classic examples as Parkinson s and Huntington s diseases, especially early in their courses. These disorders involve derangements of central amine systems (i.e., in Parkinson s, there is a disturbance in both dopamine and norepinephrine in Huntington s, dopamine is affected, as well as other nonbiogenic amine neural circuits). Furthermore, antidepressants and ECT, which potentiate central neurotransmission, have effectively relieved depression associated with Parkinson s disease. 

Schatzberg and Cole (204) reviewed 20 controlled studies of BZDs used in the treatment of a mixed profile of depressions and also concluded that, although anxiety and insomnia may be significantly relieved, core depressive symptoms (e.g., psychomotor retardation and diurnal variation) remain essentially unchanged. Some positive resolutions were seen in depressions associated with a high level of anxiety, but there was little evidence for efficacy in more severe depressions without prominent anxiety. 

Depression associated with panic attacks may benefit from the combination of an antidepressant-anxiolytic or the use of an SSRI (e.g., fluoxetine or paroxetine), which may have antipanic properties separate from their antidepressant effects. 

In regard to this last issue, the question of co-morbid depression associated with alcohol dependence can represent a difficult clinical picture. Whereas antidepressants may be appropriate and useful, premature intervention may be unnecessary. Dackis and colleagues ( 398), for example, found that 80% of 49 severely depressed alcoholics remitted after 2 weeks of unmedicated sobriety. They concluded that many severe depressions are alcohol-induced organic mood syndromes and improve spontaneously with abstinence. 

Despite these design flaws, many of the studies support the beneficial effects of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcohol withdrawal. These benefits, however, do not exceed those of placebo after 3 weeks, and thus may have only limited application in actual clinical practice. 

Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH. Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. J Ctin Psychopharmacol 1981 1 146-150. 

Nearly all opioids induce bradycardia (Bowdle, 1998), most likely mediated via central stimulation of the vagus nerve. Cardiovascular depression associated with most opioids is moderate and only the stronger opioids of the fentanyl group induce a more severe effect. Morphine and some of its analogs induce a non-opioid receptor-mediated release of histamine, which can result in a decrease in blood pressure and compensatory... 

Selegiline is able to ameliorate depression associated with Parkinson s disease. However, selegiline is not effective in parkinsonian bradyphrenia. 

Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Brand S, Ising M, Holsboer-Trachsler E (2004) Electroencephalographic sleep EEG profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression association with DEX/CRH-test response. J Psychiatr Res 38 453M65... 

Thase ME, Simons AD, Reynolds CF III (1996) Abnormal electroencephalographic sleep profiles in major depression. Association with response to cognitive behavior therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 99-108... 

Zotepine, like ziprasidone, is a potent 5-HT2 antagonist which also reduces the reuptake of noradrenaline. Its side effects, sedation and postural hypotension, are attributable to its antagonistic action on histaminel and alpha-1 receptors. Zotepine, which has not yet been marketed in Europe, may have a similar profile to ziprasidone and could be useful in the treatment of depression associated with schizophrenia. Because of the evident clinical superiority of the atypical antipsychotics over the traditional neuroleptics, the World Psychiatric Association Task Force has... 

Drasch G, Dahlmann F, von Meyer L et al (2008) Frequency of different anti-depressants associated with suicides and drug deaths. Int J Legal Med 122 115-121... 

Yang W, Wang Q, Kanes SJ, Murray JM, Nishikura K. Altered RNA editing of serotonin 5-HT2C receptor induced by interferon implications for depression associated with cytokine therapy. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2004 124 70-78. 

Table 7.7 CNS depressants associated with neonatal withdrawal syndrome...

Naloxone is a drug structurally related to the opioid class of analgesics such as morphine. Naloxone has virtually no intrinsic activity but can compete for opioid receptors. By reversibly competing for the p and K opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, it can reverse the sedation and respiratory depression associated with an overdose of morphine-like drugs. 

Black cohosh has a serotonin effect which may help with mood swings and depression associated with hormone fluctuation. When used short-term it has been shown to reduce hot flushes in patients with breast cancer. 

This could be as a result of Mrs CR s underlying nausea and vomiting as well as her abdominal pain. There could also be a degree of anxiety or depression associated with the possibility of her symptoms representing cancer recurrence, which may also contribute to a loss of appetite. 

Tamminga C, Smith RC, Chang S, Haraszti JS, Davis JM. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 1976 2(7991) 905. 

Billings RF, Tang SW, Rakoff VM. Depression associated with cimetidine. Can J Psychiatry 1981 26(4) 260-1. 

Depression, associated with reduced levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin (Figure 17.2). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to treat depression. SSRIs increase the extracellular level of serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, thereby increasing its availability to the postsynaptic receptor. 

Chloramphenicol causes two types of hematopoietic abnormality. The first is a dose-related toxic effect causing a bone marrow depression associated with inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Usually, discontinuing the antibiotic reverses this toxicity. 

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