Prostate glands

Research in physiology carried out in the 1930s established that the lipid fraction of semen contains small amounts of substances that exert powerful effects on smooth mus cle Sheep prostate glands proved to be a convenient source of this material and yielded a mixture of structurally related substances referred to collectively as prostaglandins We now know that prostaglandins are present m almost all animal tissues where they carry out a variety of regulatory functions... 

Zinc. The 2—3 g of zinc in the human body are widely distributed in every tissue and tissue duid (90—92). About 90 wt % is in muscle and bone unusually high concentrations are in the choroid of the eye and in the prostate gland (93). Almost all of the zinc in the blood is associated with carbonic anhydrase in the erythrocytes (94). Zinc is concentrated in nucleic acids (90), and found in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and supernatant fractions of all cells. 

Prostate gland. One of the male exocrine glands responsible for secreting seminal fluid. 

Vorsteher, m. director, manager, superintendent, etc. -driise, /. prostate gland, prostate. 

Trichomonas vaginalis is a ubiquitous sexually transmitted anaerobic flagellate causing vaginitis in women and prostate gland infection in men. 

This chapter discusses drug s used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain miscellaneous drag > used to relieve the symptoms associated with an overactive bladder (involuntary contractions of the detrusor or bladder muscle). Structures of the urinary system that may be affected include the bladder (cystitis), prostate gland (prostatitis), the kidney, or the urethra (see Pig. 47-1). These drug s also help control the discomfort associated with irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, and endoscopic procedures. 

Cys/tt/sUnflammation of the bladder i/reffirft/sUnflammation of the urethra Prosfaf/f/s-inflammation of the male prostate gland Pyefonephritis-inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis... 

The anabolic steroids are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the dni, liver disorders, or serious cardiac disease, and in men with prostate gland disorders (eg, prostate carcinoma and prostate enlargement). The anabolic steroids are classified as Pregnancy Category X dru and should not be administered during pregnancy and lactation. Anabolic steroids are contraindicated when used to enhance physical appearance or athletic performance... 

Gutman, A. B. and Gutman, . B. An "acid" phosphatase occurring in the serum of patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate gland. J. Clin. Invest. (1938), 17, 473-478. 

O The lower urinary tract symptoms and signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia are due to static, dynamic, or detrusor factors. The static factor refers to anatomic obstruction of the bladder neck caused by an enlarged prostate gland. The dynamic factor refers to excessive stimulation of a-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the prostate, urethra, and bladder neck. The detrusor factor refers to irritability of hypertrophied detrusor muscle as a result of long-standing bladder outlet obstruction. 

FIGURE 89-1. The prostate gland. (From Kolesar JM. Prostate cancer. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 2423.)... 

Digital rectal examination Procedure in which the health care professional inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to examine the rectum and the prostate gland for signs of cancer. 

Calculation of the serum PSA concentration per unit volume of prostate gland (PSA density) ... 

Factors such as assay variations, age, and prostate gland size are known to affect cutoff values. Also, free to total PSA cutoffs are influenced by the sensitivity and specificity values chosen, the reflex range for total PSA used, differences in free PSA assays, and differences in populations studied. Different PSA values are considered due to differences in cutoffs in different assays. Studies have shown that the comparison of a chemiluminescent free PSA showed a 25 percent difference in values. These types of variations suggest a need for standardization (9,29). 

Ultrasensitive assays for PSA contribute to the earlier detection of prostate cancer relapse and (or) residual disease in prostatectomized patients as well as the more timely evaluation of response to current therapies. PSA determinations can be useful in detecting metastatic or persistent disease in patients following surgical or medical treatment of prostate cancer. Persistent elevation of PSA following treatment, or an increase in the pretreatment PSA concentrations, is indicative of recurrent or residual disease. Hence, PSA is widely accepted as an aid in the management of prostate cancer patients, and serum levels are most useful when sequential values are obtained and monitored over time. After complete removal of the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), PSA levels should become very low or undetectable. A rise of the serum PSA level in prostatectomy patients indicates residual prostate tissue, recurrence, or metastasis of the disease (13, 16, 24, 36). 

Androgenic deficiency in male rats given a single oral dose of 15 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg BW was evident as early as 2 days posttreatment, with persistence up to 12 days. These deficiencies may account for male reproductive pathology and dysfunction in rats treated with overtly toxic doses of TCDD. Findings included depression in plasma testosterone concentrations, as well as decreased weight of seminal vesicles (by 68%), ventral prostate gland (by 48%), testes, and epididymis (Moore et al. 1985). 

A common cause of failure of therapy is poor penetration into the site of infection. This is especially true for the so-called privileged sites such as the CNS, the eye, and the prostate gland. 

Lower tract infections include cystitis (bladder), urethritis (urethra), prostatitis (prostate gland), and epididymitis. Upper tract infections (such as pyelonephritis) involve the kidney and are referred to as pyelonephritis. 

Prostate cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the prostate gland. Prostate cancer has an indolent course localized prostate cancer is curable by surgery or radiation therapy but advanced prostate cancer is not yet curable. 

The prostate gland comprises three types of tissue epithelial or glandular, stromal or smooth muscle, and capsule. Both stromal tissue and capsule are embedded with at -adrenergic receptors. 

Pharmacologic therapy interferes with the stimulatory effect of testosterone on prostate gland enlargement (reduces the static factor) or relaxes prostatic smooth muscle (reduces the dynamic factor) (Table 82-2). 

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