Cardiovascular changes

LTC may enhance the survival of mice partially via physiological changes such as induction of hypoxia (217). However, LTC mediates a number of physiological changes, including inflammatory responses and cardiovascular changes, that may also be important. 

No human health effects have been detected at COHb blood levels below about 2% ( background levels in non-smokers average about 0.5%). Subtle effects on the nervous system, such as reduced ability to sense certain time intervals, have been reported at blood levels of 2.5%. At COHb levels of 5% certain cardiovascular changes are detectable, especially in patients with coronary heart disease. Heavy smokers exhibit COHb levels in the range of 5-6%, and if they happen to be pregnant, the fetus can suffer the effects of oxygen deprivation. 

Cardiovascular Effects. Information regarding cardiovascular effects after oral exposure to chloroform is limited to case report studies. On admission to the hospital, the blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg and pulse was 70 beats per minute (bpm) in a patient who accidentally ingested 2,410 mg/kg chloroform (Schroeder 1965). Electrocardiography showed occasional extra systoles and a slight S-T segment depression. The patient recovered with no persistent cardiovascular change. In another individual, blood pressure was 100/40 mm Hg and pulse was 108 bpm after ingestion of an unknown... 

Serious toxic reactions with delirium can arise when specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are taken with other drugs that increase central and peripheral serotonergic activity. Known as the serotonin syndrome , this reaction consists of excitation, restlessness, fluctuations in consciousness, with tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, sweating, flushing, pyrexia, cardiovascular changes, and rarely coma and death (Sternbach, 1991). The syndrome has occurred when SSRIs have been combined with irreversible monoamine oxidase... 

Butorphanol tartrate is a weak partial p-receptor agonist, 3.5-5 times as potent as morphine. The incidence of psychotomimetic effects is relatively low. The recommended doses are 1-4 mg intramuscularly every 3-4 h or 0.5-2 mg intravenously. Respiratory depression produced by butorphanol 2 mg IV is similar to that of 10 mg morphine. However, there is a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, and near-maximum depression occurs after 4 mg in normal adults. In healthy volunteers, butorphanol 0.03-0.06 mg-kg-1 produces no significant cardiovascular changes. However, in patients with cardiac disease, progressive increases in cardiac index and pulmonary artery pressure occur, and butorphanol should be avoided in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Butorphanol is metabolised mainly in the liver to inactive metabolites. The terminal half-life is 2.5-3.5 h. 

The thiazolidinediones increase body weight. With trogli-tazone the increase in body weight is accompanied by changed fat distribution, but central fat, in part responsible for the cardiovascular changes seen in diabetes, remains the same weight gain is accompanied by increased subcutaneous fat (72). 

It has also been suggested that certain diuretics such as spironolactone (Aldactone) might be especially helpful in heart failure.14,42 Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors in the kidneys and other tissues, thereby producing a diuretic effect as well as preventing adverse cardiovascular changes associated with excess aldosterone production. Future studies will help clarify whether spironolactone should be used preferentially in heart failure because of its ability to reduce fluid volume and protect against aldosterone-induced damage.53... 

The shorter the time interval between doses, the smaller the pressor response to each subsequent dose. Tachyphylaxis probably represents a dynamic blockade of the adrenergic receptors. Ephedrine, for example, activates the receptor, and this activation persists until the drug is completely eliminated. Before the drug is eliminated, however, the arterial pressure returns toward the control level because of compensatory cardiovascular changes, involving only an apparent loss of activity rather than a real one. When another dose is then administered, it acts on receptors still activated so that the pressor response obtained is less than expected. 

Cardiovascular Effects. Information regarding cardiovascular effects in animals after dermal exposure to CDDs is limited. Chronic dermal exposure of Swiss Webster mice to 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 0.005 g, 3 days per week, did not induce any cardiovascular changes observable under histopathological examination (NTP 1982a). 

Before opposing two interpretations of a phenomenon that is not yet completely demonstrated (cardiovascular and renal benefits independent of a fall in blood pressure), it is worthwhile to reemphasize that the clinical measurement of blood pressure by physicians or nurses is an insensitive and imprecise method for investigating the human organism s hemodynamics. Failure to detect a fall in blood pressure by this method does not eliminate a hemodynamic effect. The cellular actions of angiotensin II (290) and its hemodynamic effects are so closely linked that attributing cardiovascular changes to one at the expense of the other is probably an intellectual exercise more than a realistic approach. 

Based on this limited information, it is possible that inhalation of high concentrations of benzene vapors, such as those encountered in an occupational accident, could induce similar changes in humans in the industrial setting. Environmental exposure to low levels of benzene found in contaminated air, water, food, and soil is unlikely to cause these cardiovascular changes. 

Q5 If anaemia develops very gradually, there may be few symptoms since compensatory cardiovascular changes occur these ensure that oxygen supply to the tissues is maintained. Symptoms which do occur may be non-specific, for example fatigue, headache, faintness and breathlessness. 

Arrhythmia, cardiovascular changes, sick sinus syndrome, bradycardia, hypotension... 

Clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of Hb-PHP (Apex) as a septicemia therapy are continuing. In a Phase I/II open label, ascending-dose study, patients with volume-refractory, vasopressor-dependent shock secondary to sepsis or presumed sepsis received a bolus infusion of Hb-PHP (25, 50, or lOOmgHb/kg body weight) over 30 min and were observed for cardiovascular changes and adverse effects. Hb infusion was well tolerated and permitted a decrease in vasopressor utilization while maintaining an increasing MAP. No adverse effects on pulmonary, cardiac, renal, or hepatic fimctions have been noted at this dose level Hb-PHP infusion increased SVR and decreased HR. These results supported further study of Hb-PHP in this indication. 

It is dose-related (4), the increase in heart rate varying between 30 and 100%, and is associated with a rise in cardiac output and falls in stroke volume and peripheral resistance. Hypertension or hypotension can occur (5,6). If fazadinium is used injudiciously, extreme and dangerous cardiovascular changes can ensue (7). 

Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA, Leicht CH, Schroeder DR, Offord KP. Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg 1995 81(2) 321-8. 

Bandi E, Weeks S, Carli F. Spinal block levels and cardiovascular changes during post-Cesarean transport. Can J Anaesth 1999 46(8) 736 0. 

Benzylisoquinolinium compounds have a tendency to evoke histamine release, the main source of the cardiovascular changes seen with mivacurium. These have been... 

Temporary, totally reversible motor and sensory paralysis has been reported after intrathecal morphine 1.6 mg and was attributed not to a direct spinal action of morphine but to cardiovascular changes occurring as a result of pain relief (117). 

Citrus aurantium L. -laranja Nervous disturbanees Leaf (Infusion) Afro-Brazilians (Northeast Brazil) [45,46] Alkaloids [195,196] adrenergic amines [197,198] flavonoids [199,200] Coumarins, fatty acids [201,202] polyphenolic compounds [203] essential oils [204,205] Suppressive effect [267] ischemic stroke [268] cardiovascular changes [269] weight loss [267] induction of apoptosis [270] anxiolytic and sedative effects [271] adrenergic agonists [272], antiobesity [273,274] anti-inflammatory activity [275]... 

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