Prostatic disease

Red blood cells also contain sufficient acid phenylphospha-tase for mild hemolysis to cause false elevations. Therefore, inhibitors such as ethanol, formaldehyde, copper sulfate> and 1-tartrate have been used to inhibit selectively the enzyme of one or more tissues and enhance the specificity of the test (101). Ethanol is unsuitable because it inhibits the enzyme from erythrocytes and prostate simultaneously, and because it yields serum activities which correlate poorly with prostatic disease. Formaldehyde inhibits the erythrocytic enzyme and has been said to yield clinically satisfactory results. The copoper resistant acid phosphatase of serum is elevated by metastatic carcinoma of the breast, as well as by other metastatic cancers, and is also elevated by a wide variety of non-cancerous diseases. 

DENIS L, MORTON M s and GRIFFITHS K (1999) Diet and its preventive role in prostatic disease , Eur Urol, 35, 377-87. 

Marks LS. Use of 5-alpha reductare inhibitors to prevent benign prostatic disease. Curr Urol Rep 2006 7(4) 293-303. 

Wright, G. L., Cazares, L. H., Leung, S.-M., Nasim, S., Adam, B.-L., Yip, T.-T., Schellhammer, P. F., Gong, L., and Vlahou, A. (2000). ProteinChip surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry a novel protein biochip technology for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in complex protein mixtures. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2, 264-276. 

Cryptococcemia wilh positive serum antigen titer (>1 8), cutaneous infection, a positive urine culture, or prostatic disease Recurrent or progressive disease not responsive to amphotericin B Isolated pulmonary disease (without evidence of CNS infection) Clinician must decide whether to follow the pulmonary therapeutic regimen or the CNS (disseminated) regimen Amphotericin Brf IV 0.5-0.75 mj kj day intrathecal amphotericin B 0.5 mg 2-3 times weekly Mild to moderate symptoms or asymptomatic with a positive pulmonary specimen Fluconazole 200-400 mg orally daily x lifelong or Itraconazole 200-400 mg orally daily x lifelong or... 

Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) Prevents prostate disease... 

Elevations of serum acid phosphatase have been reported in specimens obtained from patients after rectal examination (D4). However, Rou-brick and Winsten, in a study of 38 men, found that rectal examination performed on patients without known prostatic disease did not significantly elevate the serum acid phosphatase level (Rl). In patients with... 

Hypogonadism can be accompanied by hot flushes, similar to those seen in postmenopausal women, and gynecomastia. The potential risks of testosterone replacement in adult men are precipitation or worsening of sleep apnea, hastened onset of clinical significant prostate disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma, gynecomastia, fluid retention, polycythemia, exacerbation of hypertension, edema, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 

The safety of androgen therapy for cardiovascular and prostatic disease is uncertain. Kraus, after a careful review of the literature from a German perspective, has pointed out that androgen substitution must be approached with caution even if the hazards are dubious, the need for such treatment is even more doubtful .The lack of clear hazards from testosterone substitution in the aging male does not indicate unrestricted treatment safety. Until all doubts are cleared, each treatment should be carefully documented and monitored (23). 

Kyprianou, N., Chon, J. and Benning, C. M., 2000b, Effects of Alpha(l)-adrenoceptor (alpha( 1 )-AR) antagonists on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the prostate therapeutic implications in prostatic disease [In Process Citation]. Prostate Suppl 9, 42-6. 

Persons with a history of acute bronchial asthma should not receive hydromorphone. Persons with a history of head injury, increased pressure within the brain, seizures, serious abdominal problems, liver disease, kidney disease, thyroid disease, prostate disease, and low blood pressure should use hydromorphone with great caution. Also, the elderly should receive hydromorphone with great caution. 

The effects of DHEA on the prostate are still unknown. However, since DHEA supplementation can increase mean testosterone levels, it might contribute to increased prostate cell growth, and worsening of prostate cancer must be considered. Because the ultimate effects are unknown, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia should avoid using DHEA. If a patient uses DHEA therapy, he should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of prostate disease. 

Stenman UH. New ultrasensitive assays facilitate studies on the role of human glandular kallikrein (hK2) as a marker for prostatic disease [editorial comment], Clin Chem 1999 45 753-754. 

Herbal remedies hold a different place in medical practice in many European countries than in the United States. One of the most dramatic examples of the difference is in the treatment of benign prostate disease. This very common condition affects about 25 percent of men in their forties and nearly 80 percent of men who are over 70. In Germany, several hundred million dollars are spent annually on prostate remedies, with 80 percent of that spent on herbal medications. Herbal medications dominate the market for treating nonmalignant prostate disease. They have very few side effects and cost per dose approximately 20 to 35 percent of what synthetic drugs do. Treatment with herbal preparations typically costs under a dollar a day. Four of the most popular in Germany are extracts from the fruit of the saw palmetto, pumpkin seeds, rye pollen extract, and nettle root. 

The fat soluble extract from rye pollen also showed dual inhibition against COX and 5-LOX pathways with IC50 values of 5 pg/ml and 80 pg/ml, respectively. The clinical usage of the pollen extract for benign prostate diseases might due to such dual inhibition activities [200]. 

Piironen T, Haese A, Huland H, Steuber T, Christensen IJ, Brunner N, et al. Enhanced discrimination of benign from malignant prostatic disease by selective measurements of cleaved forms of urokinase receptor in serum. Clin Chem 2006 52(5) 838-844. 

E6. Emtage, L. A., Dunn, P. J., and Rowse, A. D., Androgen and oestrogen receptor status in benign and neoplastic prostate disease. Study of prevalence and influence on time to progression and survival in prostate cancer treated by hormone manipulation. Br. J. Urol. 63, 627—633 (1989). 

Cryptococcemia with positive serum antigen titer (>1 8), cutaneous infection, a positive urine culture, or prostatic disease Recurrent or progressive disease not responsive to amphotericin B Isolated pulmonary disease (without evidence of CNS infection)... 

Another procedure to increase the specificity of acid phosphatase determinations for prostatic disease has involved the use of n- (-I-) -tartrate to distinguish between the enzyme from the prostate and other tissues. In a series of papers from 1947 to 1949, Abul-Fadl and King (Al, A2, A3, A4) studied the properties of various acid phosphatases and reported that 0.01 Af L- (4-) -tartrate inhibited the hydrolysis of phenyl phosphate by human prostatic acid phosphatase dissolved in normal saline or in plasma to the extent of 95%, but had no effect on the hydrolysis by acid phosphatase from erythrocytes. The inhibitions of acid phosphatases from other human tissues were as follows liver, 70% kidney, 80% spleen, 70%. 

M5. Marshall, G., and Amador, E., Diagnostic usefulness of serum acid jS-glycero-phosphatase activities in prostatic disease. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 51, 551-554 (1969). 

Feifer, A.H. Fleshner, N.E. Klotz, L. Analytical accuracy and rehability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease. J. Urol. 2002,168 (1), 150-154. 

The KO models confirm the essential adaptive roles of oq-ARs in the heart, where the A and the B are required for chronic trophic or nutritional effects that depend ultimately on anabolic, transcriptional, metabolic, and antiapoptotic processes. The A and the B mediate inotropic effects, which depend on the preparation, and the D causes coronary vasoconstriction. The distinct roles of the A and the B in heart remain to be worked out. Clinically, the results emphasize concern about the use of nonselective oq-antagonist drugs in patients with hypertension or prostate disease. On the other hand, D-selective antagonists might have advantages. 

Schroder, FH. (1994) 5a-reductase inhibitors and prostatic disease. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)..41.139-147. 

Embryonic exposure to vinclozolin, an antiandrogenic endocrine disruptor, has been shown to promote prostate disease, kidney disease, immune system abnormalities, testicular abnormalities, breast and other tumor development, and a number of blood abnormalities in the F1-F4 generations of laboratory animals. I8,91 The effects observed were noted in the adults of the four ensuing generations that followed the exposure. 

To demonstrate how the concepts described in this chapter can be practically applied, we present the following example A urologist questions the performance of the current assay to detect prostatic disease. He suggests replacing the current prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay with a new one that has a greater ability to detect carcinoma of the prostate. He wishes to use the assay annually on his male... 

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