Arsenic salts

Many very hazardous solvents, such as benzene and carbon tetrachloride, were widely used until the 1970s. The situation was very similar for the use of pesticides. Among the toxic pesticides that were still in wide use 20 years ago were chlorophenols, DDT, lindane, and arsenic salts, all of which are classified as human carcinogens as well as being acutely toxic. Fortunately, use of these kinds of very toxic chemicals is now limited in the industrialized world. However, because the number of chemicals used in various industries continues to increase, the risks of long-term health hazards due to long-term exposure to low concentrations of chemicals continues to be a problem in the workplace. 

Acetylated aniline 21 was reacted under Skraup/Doebner-von Miller conditions in the presence of an arsenic salt to yield quinoline 22 with concurrent displacement of fluorine. ... 

Arsen-oxyd, n, arsenic oxide, specif, arsenic trioxide, arsemc(III) oxide. -pra parat, n, arsenical preparation, arsenical, -probe, /, arsenic test or sample, -rohr, n, -rShre, /. arsenic tube, -rotgultigerz, n. proustite. -rubin, m. realgar, -salz, n. arsenic salt, arsensauer, a. of or combined with arsenic acid, arsenate of,... 

In the former Soviet Union much use is made of industrial by-products to prepare acid inhibitors. The PB class is obtained by treating technical butyraldehyde with ammonia and polymerising the resulting aldehyde-ammonia. PB-5, for example, with O-Ol-O-15% of an arsenic salt is used in 20-25% HCl. A mixture of urotropine (hexamethyleneimine, hexamine) with potassium iodide, a regulator and a foaming agent is the ChM inhibitor. BA-6 is prepared from the condensation product of hexamine with aniline. A more recent development is the Katapin series which consists of /7-alkyl benzyl pyridine chlorides Katapin A, for example, is the /7-dodecyl compound. 

The process involved consists of 5 consecutive steps. The first step involves a reaction which forms an arsenate salt. This reaction requires two raw materials, raw 3 and raw 4, and can be conducted in either reactor R1 or R2. The arsenate salt from the first step is then transferred to either reactor R3 or R4 wherein two reactions take place. The first of these reactions is aimed at converting the arsenate salt to a disodium salt using raw material 1 (raw 1). The disodium salt is then reacted further to form the monosodium salt using raw material 2 (raw 2). The monosodium salt solution is then transferred to the settling step in order to remove the solid byproduct. Settling can be conducted in any of the three settlers, i.e. SE1, SE2 or SE3. The solid byproduct is dispensed with as waste and the remaining monosodium salt solution is transferred to the final step. This step consists of two evaporators, EV1 and EV2, which remove the excess amount of water from the monosodium solution. Evaporated water is removed as effluent and the monosodium salt (product) is taken to storage. States si and. S 9 in the SSN represent raw 3 and raw 4, respectively. States... 

Arsenic vesicants produce hydrogen chloride (HC1) or hydrogen bromide (HBr), and arsenous oxides or arsenic salts when hydrolyzed. Some arsenous oxide decomposition products are toxic and may also have vesicant properties. Some agents may produce acetylene at higher pHs. 

Hydrogen cyanide is highly soluble and stable in water. Many others decompose into hydrogen cyanide and/or corrosives such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or hydrogen iodide (HI). Some components may produce arsenous oxides or arsenic salts when hydrolyzed. 

Inorganic arsenic salts are also present in pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, paints, and tobacco plants. If transmitted to water, they accumulate in fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and algae (Johansen et ah, 2000). Transformed into organic salts, they reach the gastrointestinal tract via food and are delivered to liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. Arsenic is deposited in skin, nails, and hair. 

Arsenic is historically the poison of choice for many murders, both in fiction and reality (e.g., Christie 1924 CNN 1998). The element is considered a metalloid (having both metallic and nonmetallic properties) and is widely distributed in the earth s crust. Arsenic occurs in trace quantities in all rock, soil, water, and air (WHO 2001). Under reducing conditions, arsenite (As ") is the dominant form, while arsenate (As ) generally is the stable form in oxygenated environments. Arsenic salts exhibit a wide range of solubilities, depending on pH and the ionic environment. 

Synonyms and Compounds Grey arsenic metallic arsenic arsenic trichloride arsenic trioxide arsenic salts... 

Winship KA Toxicity of inorganic arsenic salts. Adv Drug React Ac Pots Rev 3 129-160, 1984... 

Ammino-derivatives of Arsenic Salts, Antimony Salts, Bismuth Salts—Pyridino-bismuth Iodide. 

Arsenic Inorganic arsenic salts Gastrointestinal, respiratory (all mucosal surfaces), skin Predominantly soft tissues (highest in liver, kidney). Avidly bound in skin, hair, nails Cardiovascular shock, arrhythmias. CNS encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy. Gastroenteritis pancytopenia cancer (many sites) Inhibits enzymes interferes with oxidative phosphorylation alters cell signaling, gene expression Methylation. Renal (major) sweat and feces (minor)... 

Swedish law requires that major retailers make an assessment of potential health and environmental hazards when deciding on which products to stock and sell. As a guide to which chemicals should be avoided, KEMI has published a list of especially hazardous chemicals ( OBS-listan ). The hazard profiles of the KEMI-listed substances differ widely, from decidedly toxic compounds, like arsenic salts and benzene, to practically innocuous substances, such as metallic zinc and many zinc compounds. (Like any other chemical, including table salt, zinc and its compounds should, of course, not be dumped in rivers in large quantities, but they are perfectly safe in most other contexts.)... 

Progressor agents. For example, arsenic salts, benzene. 

Some chemicals are progressor agents such as benzene, asbestos, and arsenic salts, for instance, and these could also be complete carcinogens. These may induce chromosomal breakage (clastogenesis) or progression could be spontaneous. 

A complex bromiodide of mercury and arsenic, AsHggBr Ig, presumably the arsenic salt of the acid HI(HgBr2)2, prepared by addition of hvdriodie acid to a benzene solution of mercuric bromide, has been obtained. ... 

Arsenic carbonate has not been prepared, but arsenic salts of several organic acids, including arsenic cyanide, thiocyanate, acetate and tartrate, are known. Arsenic chromithiocyanate, As[Cr(SCN)g], has also been described.5... 

Recent work indicates that various methylarsenic compounds can be accumulated by marine organisms. These include arsenobetaine (2/0, 25/), trimethylarsoniumlactate [(CH3)3AsCH2CH(0H)C02] and its phosphatidyl derivatives (252-254), and arsenosugars (255), These compounds form from arsenate salts, and provide strong evidence for the biological formation of As-C bonds other than As-CH3. 

Temperature, humidity, precipitation, and evaporation are important factors that contribute to the oxidation of sulfide minerals. In warm and wet climates, excessive precipitation may produce persistently high water tables and extensive biological activity that may create reducing conditions in the shallow subsurface and hinder sulfide oxidation (Seal et al., 2002, 208). At the surface, high humidity and temperatures would promote the oxidation of sulfide minerals (Williams, 2001, 274). Frequent precipitation would also suppress evaporation and the formation of arsenic salt deposits (Seal et al., 2002, 208). Furthermore, precipitation and groundwater, which are controlled by climate, are the major sources of water for the production of arsenic-contaminated runoff from sulfide-bearing rock outcrops. 

Wear nitrile rubber gloves, eye protection, and laboratory coat. Avoid breathing dust. In the fume hood, dissolve the arsenic compound in acidified boiling water (for 1 g of arsenic compound, use 100 mL of water containing 6 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid). Add a solution of thioacetamide (for each 1 g of arsenic salt, use 0.2 g of thioacetamide in 20 mL of water). Boil the mixture for 20 minutes and then basify with 2 M sodium hydroxide (prepared by dissolving 8 g of NaOH in 100 mL of water). Filter the precipitate, dry, and package for disposal in a secure landfill site. ... 

At Chevron and elsewhere a whole series of copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, cadmium, lead and arsenic salts were manufactured as plant protection agents and micronutrients by the carefully pH controlled precipitation of insolubles where the active cation or anion could only reach a small, plant-tolerable, maximum concentration. In such cases this maximum could be calculated... 

Figure 6.12 Removal of arsenic salts from mixed ores using hydrogen peroxide.

Production of ED is similar to that of MD, involving the ethylation of a chlorinated arsenite or arsenate salt, or reductions of arsenious oxide, AS4O6, a naturally occurring compoimd (Bartelt-Hunt et al., 2006). 

Concerning all these species see Serapion (lib. Agg. cap. Harmech) and Avicenna (cap. on Arsenic), who treat of its good and evil qualities. Sublimed Arsenic, or Arsenical Salt, destroys life, and White Arsenic in its natural state is also fatal. They are all poisonous. (See Diosc., 1. 6.)... 

Quadrupole coupling constants for some simple arsenic salts (167)... 

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