Polyethylene glycol ester of fatty acid

Polyoxyethylene Esters. This series of surfactants consists of polyoxyethylene (polyethylene glycol) esters of fatty acids and aUphatic carboxyhc acids related to abietic acid (see Resins, natural). They differ markedly from mono- and diglycerides in properties and uses. 

ESTER OE EATTY ACID POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ESTER OF FATTY ACID... 

Other examples of nonionics commonly used in syndets are glycols, glycerols, sugar esters, and alkanolamides. Polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids are produced by reaction with ethylene oxide or by esterification of the fatty acid with polyethylene glycols. The reaction with ethylene oxide is described as ... 

Polyethylene or propylene glycol esters of fatty acids are more hydrophilic than monoglycerides. They can be produced in a range of compositions. 

Similarly, esters of fatty acids and polyethylene glycols are produced by the reaction of long-chain fatty acids and ethylene oxide ... 

Sorbitan esters of fatty acids are well known. Similar products can be made from ether carboxylic acids and sorbitol without an acid catalyst with a good color [39]. The advantage of these products is that the hydrophilicity can be adjusted by the polyethylene glycol content in the ether carboxylic acid. 

These can be considered to be esters of fatty acids and polyethylene glycol, although they are generally made by direct addition of EO to the acid. They contain, besides the main monoester ingredient, diester, free acid, and free PEG. This class includes tall oil ethoxylates. Tall oil fatty acids are linear, long-chain, and unsaturated, being obtained by distillation of tall oil, a water-insoluble, ether-soluble fraction of pulp mill waste (3). 

Mineral oils, paraffin and other waxes, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, ethoxylated glycerides, ethoxylated fatty amines, and esters of fatty alcohols and acids have also been used in fabric softening [52], and also nonionic actives such as glycols, sorbitol, and urea, but in combination with a charged active. 

Okano, T. N. Egawa M. Fujiwara M. Fukuda. a-sulfonated fatty acid esters II. Solution behavior of a-sulfonated fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters./. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73, 31—37. 

Soares CMF, De Castro HF, Santana MHA et al. (2002) Intensification of lipase performance for long-term operation by immobilization on controlled pore silica in presence of polyethylene glycol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98-100 863-874 Soumanou MM, Bornschener UT, Menge U (1997) Synthesis of structured triglycerides firom peanut oil with immobilized lipase. JAOCS 74 427-433 Soumanou MM, Bomscheuer UT (2003) Improvement in Upase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from sunflower oil. Enzyme Microb Technol 33(1) 97-103 Straathof AJJ, Panke S, Schmid A (2002) The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13 548-556... 

Fractionation according to molecular weight, of polyethylene oxide adducts of fatty alcohols and of fatty amines, has been carried out on silica gel G, using butanone-water (50 + 50) and butanone-2.5% aqueous ammonium hydroxide (50 + 50) respectively [18]. Free polyethylene glycols can be detected in adducts by means of TLC [154]. Procedures for separating esters of long-chain fatty acids with sugars, have been developed [46, 92, 93]. 

Fatty acids are usually analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). This method is applicable to oils containing fatty acids with chain length in the range C14 to C24. GLC analysis of fatty acids is performed following their conversion to methyl ester derivatives. Columns with polar phases are used, for example polyethylene glycol stationary phase (Carbowax) (Jennings 1987). 

Chem. Descrip. mixture of fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters... 

Figure 3.2 Separation of fatty acid methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography on a 2mx4mm column. Stationary phase 10% polyethylene glycol adipate (stabilized with orthophosphoric acid) on Diatomite C-AAW. Carrier gas argon. Flow rate 50ml/1 min. The oven temperature was programmed from 65°C to 185°C at 8°C per min. The sample consists of fatty acids derived from a milk diet for calves. Heptanoic and heptadecanoic acids were added as internal standards in concentrations of 1.55 mg 7 0 and 4.94 mg 17 0 in 10 ml sample solution and the computer was programmed to print out the concentration in mg/10 ml of each fatty acid In the mixture. IS = internal standard BHT = butylated hydroxytoluene (antioxidant). Reproduced with kind permission of Mr J.D. Edwards-Webb.

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utiHty in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubiHties and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stabiHty to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

Examples of nonionic emulsifiers are polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, fatty alcohol ether, polyethylene (or polypropylene), glycol fatty acid esters, lecithin, lanolin, cholesterol, etc... 

Polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters are produced by the reaction of polyethylene glycols with fatty adds. The commercial products are waxy solids which include Carbowax 4000 (Mono) Stearate. Some of the products act as plasticizers and lubricants for plastics. The polyethylene glycols are soluble in water. 

Shanbhag, V.P. and Axelsson, C.-G. 1975. Hydro-phobic interaction determined by partition in aqueous two-phase systems. Partition of proteins in systems containing fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol). Eur. J. Biochem. 60 17-22. 

J. Kramer, R. Fouchard, et al., Difference in chromatographic properties of fused silica capillary columns, coated, crosslinked, bonded or crosslinked and bonded with polyethylene glycols (Carbowas 20 M) using complex fatty acid methyl ester mixtures, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 23 54-56 (1985). 

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