Fatty acid composition coconut

Coconut, fatty acid composition, 5 56t Coconut diethanolamide... 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Alam, S. Q., and Y. Y. Shi. The effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the fatty acid composition of different salivary glands and saliva in rats. Arch Oral Biol 1997 42(10-11) 727-734. Kumar, P. D. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct... 

Changes in fatty acid compositions of total serum and lipoprotein particles, in growing rats given protein-deficient diets with either hydrogenated coconut or salmon oils as fat sources. Br J Nutr 1994 71(3) 375-387. 

Garcia-Fuentes, E., A. Gil-Villarino, M. F. Zafra, and E. Garcia-Peregrin. Differential changes in the fatty acid composition of the main lipid classes of chick plasma induced by dietary coconut oil. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002 133(2) 269-275. 

Mohamed, A. I., A. S. Hussein, S. J. Bhathena, and Y. S. Hafez. The effect of dietary menhaden, olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002 13(7) 435-441. Kawano, K., S. Qin S, C. Vieu, X. Collet, and X. C. Jiang. Role of hepatic lipase and scavenger receptor BI in clearing phospholipid/free cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in PLTP-deficient... 

Cold properties of biodiesel are highly correlated to the fatty acid composition. Biodiesel with a high content of saturated fatty acids, such as that from palm oil and coconut oil, possesses poor cold flow properties. On the other hand, biodiesel with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids possesses better flow properties at lower temperatures. However, biodiesel from highly unsaturated fatty acids with more than two double bonds has combustion problems. Therefore, in some countries, the content of highly unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel is kept low (5). 

Identification Coconut Oil (Unhydrogenated) exhibits the following typical composition profile of fatty acids determined as directed under Fatty Acid Composition, Appendix VII ... 

Most commodity oils contain fatty acids with chain lengths between Cie and C22, with Cig fatty acids dominating in most plant oils. Palm kernel and coconut, sources of medium-chain fatty acids, are referred to as lauric oils. Animal fats have a wider range of chain length, and high erucic varieties of rape are rich in this C22 monoene acid. Potential new oil crops with unusual unsaturation or additional functionahty are under development. Compilations of the fatty acid composition of oils and fats (6, 9, 11, 12) and less-common fatty acids (13) are available. 

Coconut oil from the coconut palm Cocus nuciferd) is one of two important lauric oils (see also pahn-kemel oil. Section 5.10). Annual production exceeds 3 million tons and comes mainly from Indonesia and the Philippines (Section 10). It is characterized by its high level of lauric acid (12 0) accompanied by the 8 0-14 0 acids. A detailed fatty acid composition of this oil is given in Table 2(b). The oil is used in the food industry and in the nonfood industry. In the latter case, it is used mainly as derivatives of the corresponding alcohols (dodecanol or coco alcohol). 

Palm-kernel oil is produced from the kernels of the oil palm, usually by solvent extraction and is an important lauric oil (see also coconut oil. Section 5.3). Its fatty acid composition is detailed in Table 2(b). Annual production is about 2.3 million tons. The kernels originate mainly in the oil palm growing areas of Malaysia and Indonesia and are crushed almost entirely in the country of origin (28, 29). 

High lauric acid canola oil was developed in the United States as an alternative source for coconut and palm-kemel oils for both food and nonfood uses (141). The oil contains about 35% lauric acid. Until now, this oil has not found any significant commercial use. The main reason for the lack of acceptance is said to be because of its significantly different fatty acid composition compared with coconut oil, and the consequent difference in performance in typical coconut oil applications. Some use was made of the oil in the United States as a base stock for a tran -isomer free margarine and in Europe as a machine oil additive (142), but there is no longer any significant seed production. 

For purposes of identifying natural fats and ascertaining their quality, a number of analytical tests are routinely employed. The test results of a sample of fat under assessment should fall within the range of established constants to confirm its identity. For coconut oil the usual tests are fatty acid composition, acid value/ percent free fatty acid, saponihcation value, iodine value, Reicheit-Meissl value, Polenske value, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide value/stabihty test, s.p./m.p., color, and solid fat content (see Tables 5 and 6)... 

TABLE 5. Range of Fatty Acid Composition of Coconut Oii Cross Regionai (26, p. 227). ... 

Palm-Based Oieochemicais. Palm kernel oil, like coconut oil, is a lauric oil. Its fatty acid composition is in fact very similar to that of coconut oil (Table 41). 

Smoke Point, Fiash Point, and Fire Point The smoke point, flash point, and fire point of an oil are relevant parameters in deep-fat frying processes. The fatty acid composition of the oil is not relevant (unless the oil has short-chain fatty acids, as is the case of butter or coconut oil). The most important effect is generally that of free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil. The following values have been reported for fully refined sunflower oil (with 0.10% free fatty acids) smoke point = 209°C flash point = 316°C fire point = 341°C (5). 

The third structure shown in Figure 18 is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), often used by research workers for solubilizing proteins. It is a sulfate ester of the C12 alcohol dodecanol. Commercially, this alcohol is produced by reduction of coconut oil, and the resultant mixture is called lauryl alcohol (from lauric acid, the predominant fatty acid in coconut oU). The alcohol portion of sodium lauryl sulfate is a mixture of chain lengths, the approximate composition being 8% Cg, 7% Cjo, 48% C12, 20% Ci4, 10% C16, and small amounts of longer chains. In bakeries the most common use of sodium lauryl sulfate is as a whipping aid. The compound is added to liquid egg whites at a maximum concentration of 0.0125%, or to egg white solids at a level of 0.1 %. It promotes the unfolding of egg albumin at the air-water interface and the stabilization of the foam. 

Raw and acidulated RBL are combined in dilferent ratios with animal tallow to produce soaps of varying characteristics. Palm oil and coconut oil are the dominant fatty acid sources for soap manufacturing. Coconut oil and tallow are complementary in fatty acid composition such that in combination they provide the ingredients of toilet soap (96). There has been speculation regarding the use of safflower and sunflower RBL in this capacity if alterations were made to processing methods. Cottonseed and soybean RBLs are available in large quantities but the cost of upgrading these to the quality necessary for use in toilet soap inhibits their use. 

Coconut oil is well positioned because it has the unique advantage of having its fatty acid composition falhng within the carbon chain spectrum highly desired by the oleochemical industry where the C12 and C14 fatty acid fractions are sought after. Table 1 shows the fatty acid composition of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. 

The C12-C18 fatty acid fractions, approximately 85% of the coconut oil fatty acid composition, are the primary raw materials for detergent-grade fatty alcohols. Coconut oil is a primary source of basic oleochemicals and a host of other oleochemical derivatives. Figure 1 indicates some of the major processes by which... 

THE ROLE OF COCONUT OIL IN THE OLEOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY WORLDWIDE 3 TABLE 1. Fatty Acid Composition of Coconut and Paim Kernei Oiis (5). 

Coconut oil is one of the most important raw materials for the oleochemical industry. The whole range of its fatty acid composition is used as the starting material for a wide variety of oleochemical products. Fatty acids are the building blocks that, with proper selection and application of oleochemistry, are converted to higher valued products. 

Whole distilled coconut fatty acid. A rehned product whose fatty acid composition is identical to that of the original oil. 

Monobasic Acids. The overwhelming majority of monobasic acids used in alkyd resins are long-chain fatty acids of namral occurrence. They may be used in the form of oil or free fatty acids. Free fatty acids are usually available and classified by their origin, viz., soy fatty acids, linseed fatty acids, coconut fatty acids, etc. The fatty acid composition of various types of fats and oils that are commonly used in alkyd resins are given in Table 2. 

Table 3.4 Approximate fatty acid composition (wt%) of butterfat, palm oil and coconut oil (Data from ref. 1)...

A useful convention is to denote fatty acids by the number of carbon atoms and the number of C=C bonds. For example, lauric acid, which has 12 carbon atoms and no C=C bonds, is C12 0. This nomenclature does not specify the position of the C=C bonds, nor whether they are cis or trans. All fats are mixtures of triglycerides (and hence contain a number of different fatty acid residues). The approximate fatty acid composition of some fats is shown in Table 3.4. Butterfat contains a much wider range of fatty acids than the vegetable fats. Coconut oil contains very high levels of saturated fatty acids, particularly lauric acid. 

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