Collectors cationic

Cationic collectors are mainly comprised of primary amine and alkyl naph-thyridines. For manufacturing reason, secondary amine usually exists in the primary amine. The synthetic routes of primary amine are divided into nitriert alkane reduction process and aliphatic nitrile reduction process. The main synthetic reactions are given by the following  

Fatty nitrile can be reduced to primary amine in the presence of Raney Ni. The reaction of secondary amine can be expressed as follows  

The orders of solubilities of the salts that are generated by arylamine and various acids can be given as follows  

The confecting methods of two amine solutions are listed in Table 2.12 [10]. 

These amine collectors include Alamine, Alamac, Armac, Armeen, and Ninol in other countries. Amine collectors are mainly used to flotate quartz, aluminosilicate, phosphate, carbonate, and soluble salt. Meanwhile, they can be applied in the reverse flotation of hematite. 

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With the addition of appropriate additives as needed, the flotation of refineiy wastewaters reduced their oil content to less than 10 mg/L in pilot-plant operation [Steiner, Bennett, Mohler, and Clere, Chem. Eng. Frog., 74(12), 39 (1978)] and full-scale operation (Simouseu, Hydrocaih. Froce.ss. Fet. Refiner, 41(5), 145, 1962]. Experiments with a cationic collector to remove oils reportedly confirmed theoiy [Angehdon, Keskavarz, Richardson, and Jameson, Jnd. Eng. Chem. Frocess Des. Dev., 16, 436 (1977)]. 

The ore used in this example contained a mixture of pyrochlore and columbite as the major niobium minerals. The tantalum is mainly associated with columbite. The major gangue minerals present in this ore were soda and potassium feldspars with small amounts of mica and quartz. Beneficiation of this ore using cationic flotation, normally employed for flotation of niobium, was not applicable for this particular ore, since most of the mica and feldspar floated with the niobium and tantalum. The effect of amine on Ta/Nb flotation is illustrated in Figure 23.9. The selectivity between Ta/Nb and gangue minerals using a cationic collector was very poor. 

Monazite is readily floatable using cationic collectors such as oleic acid and sodium oleate in the pH region of 7-11. Monazite does not float readily using, for example, laurel amine or anionic collectors. Adsorption of the sodium oleate on the monazite increases with an increase in pH, indicating that monazite does not float in acid pH, while pyrochlore is readily floatable and is depressed at a pH greater than 10. Figure 24.1 shows the effect of pH on flotation of monazite, pyrochlore and zircon. 

The size distributions of the black sand ranged from 80 to 100 pm. Development test-work on the black sand included an examination of anionic and cationic collectors. Cationic collectors, such as Amine 22, Armac and Armac T, gave poor results. Selectivity was poor, even when using modified starches as gangue depressants. 

Abramov, A. A., Leonov, S. B., Avdohin, V, A. and Kurscakova, G. M., 1977. Electrochemistry and thermodynamics of sulphide minerals and sulphydry with hydro-sulphide and cation collector. 12th IMPC, 22 - 26... 

The inadvertent activation of a mineral can often result in an undesirable response to flotation. A typical example is quartz, a highly unreactive mineral whose recovery by flotation is therefore difficult. However, in the presence of metal cations, it can be activated to respond to anionic collectors, as shown by the data13 in Figure 3. It is of interest that the pH value at which flotation is effective can be related to that at which the monohydroxy complexes of the metal ions are predominantly stable, suggesting a specific adsorption of these species onto the quartz surface. In some cases this can be used for the selective depression of the quartz minerals in, for example, the flotation of pyrite in the presence of cationic collectors such as the long-chain amines. 

Promoters or collectors provide the substances to be separated with a water-repellent air-avid coating that will adhere to air bubbles. Typical collectors for flotation of metallic sulfides and native metals are dithiophosphates and xanthates. Fatty acids and their soaps, petroleum sulfonates, and sulfonated fatty acids are widely used as collectors in flotation of fluorspar, iron ore, phosphate rock, and others. Fuel oil and kerosene are used as collectors for coal, graphite, sulfur, and molybdenite. Cationic collectors such as fatty amines and amine salts are widely used for separation of quartz, potash, and silicate minerals. 

The pH of the minimum of solubility of calcite was termed the PZC or IEP in [695,696]. The same authors report PZCs obtained from flotation by anionic and cationic collectors. These PZCs (which have been quoted in numerous papers) do not meet the standards recommended in the present book and are ignored in the tables in Chapter 3. 

Iskra, J., Flotation properties of silicon carbide. 1. Flotation of silicon carbide with anionic and cationic collector, Ceram. Int., 23, 337, 1997. 

The solution chemistry of cationic collectors such as dodecylamine is similar to that of oleate (Somasundaran and Ananthapadmanabhan, 1979a Pugh and Stenius, 1985 Mukerjee, 1958 Hu and Wang, 1993). Various solution equilibria of dodecylamine are as follows ... 

PZC and lEP are important parameters for surface characterization of oxide minerals. The flotation of these minerals is best understood in terms of the electrical double layer theories. Simple oxide minerals such as hematite, goethite, magnetite and corundum float well with cationic collectors above their PZC. Fig. 3.14 shows the flotation of goethite using both anionic and cationic collectors. The PZC of this mineral is pH 6.7. Anionic collectors are effective for goethite below pH 6.7 since the mineral is then positively charged. 

Hercules cationic collectors include a rosin-derived primary amine and its acetic acid salt. Dehydroabietylamine is the primary amine, with the -NH, group being the polar group, and is positively charged in solution with acetic acid, the addition of which makes it water soluble. They are soluble in kerosene, fuel oil, and other frothers. 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) Amine D BRN 3084620 Caswell No. 276 Dehydro-abietylamine EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 004206 HSDB 5665 13-lsopropylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-15-amine Podooarpa-8,11,13-trien-15-amine, 13-isopropyl-. Used as asphalt additive, as cationic collectors for calcite, sylrite, mica, feldspar, vermioilulite and phosphate rock concentration operations. Registered by EPA as an antimicrobial and fungicide (cancelled). Crystals [a]8 = - 56.10 (c=2.4, pyridine). Fluka Hercules Inc. 

It is critical to separate dolomitic limestone impurities from apatite to utilize the South Florida Phosphate Rock deposits for fertilizer manufacturing. Conventional flotation scheme is not successful for separation of dolomite from Its mixture with apatite. Several processing methods utilizing both anionic and cationic collectors have been proposed to solve this problem, but they have yet to be tested on a commercial scale. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Flotation with Cationic Collector... 

Dolomite flotation below its iep (pH 5.3) is about 20% indicating the presence of weak specific interactions in addition to the coulombic attraction. The heat of reaction of dodecylamine with phosphate and carbonate anions (-15.1 and -3.3 kj/mol for apatite and dolomite, respectively) determined by Soto and Iwasaki , supports this hypothesis. The heat of reaction measurements indicate that the collector would adsorb preferentially on apatite than dolomite when both the minerals are present. Addition of sodium chloride decreases the magnitude of negative zeta potential, thus reducing the adsorption of the cationic collector and enhancing the selectivity In the mixed mineral flotation. 

Separation of apatite from dolomite using dodecylamine as the collector is enhanced by sodium chloride addition. Adsorption of the cationic collector on the apatite surface is attributed mostly to chemical Interactions. Sodium chloride, as indicated by zeta potential measurements, does not act as an indifferent electrolyte and affects the surface structure of apatite. However, in the case of dolomite, sodium chloride reduces the adsorption of the collector by compressing the electrical double layer. Satisfactory separation of apatite from its mixture with dolomite is achieved at pH 6.3 with dodecylamine collector In the presence of sodium chloride. 

The most important reagents used in flotation are collectors. In the case of flotation to treat sylvinite ores, a cationic collector is added to the closely sized and deslimed ore slurry. These collectors are mostly straight-chain aliphatic primary amines derived from natural fats... 

In addition to organic amine collectors, cationic collectors also involve in the surfactants containing S, P, and Sb atoms. These other cationic collectors can be given as follows ... 

It was reported that these cationic collectors were mainly used to flotate Cu, Ni, and Co oxide ores, as well as some sulfide minerals. 

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