Hard water tolerance

Automatic Pishwash Rinse Aid iFor Hard Watarl Acid Hard Water Tolerant Formulation... 

Alkyl ether sulphates are used relatively little in laundry products, especially in solid ones. The surfactant has a very poor solid form, the pure product being amorphous, somewhat hygroscopic and sticky. Commercial dry ether sulphates are unknown other than as blends of 50% with carrier solids, such as sodium carbonate. In liquid formulations, 3-mol ether sulphates can be used to give improved solubility and hard water tolerance in unbuilt liquids and amine salts are occasionally used. 

The final section of this chapter looks at anionic surfactants which derive their functionality from a carboxylate group. These include one of the earliest surfactants made by man (soap) to more complex interrupted soaps where these structures give mild, hard-water-tolerant surfactants. 

Like the amphoacetates and amphopropionates above, the amphohydroxypropylsulfonates are derived from hydrolyzed alkyl hydroxyethyl imidazolines. In this, amido-functional alkanolamine hydrolysis product is alkylated with sodium l-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonic acid (see Figure 6.13). These products have good hard water tolerance and have applications including metal cleaning as well as personal cleansing. 

Improved solubility in detergent softener systems for ease of formulation. Superior hard water tolerance. Typiacal use levels 5-10%. 

Fabric softener, good hard-water tolerance... 

Formulation B wi11 have improved hard water tolerance and better soil antiredeposition properties. Formulation C will give improved removal of very heavy greases. Combinations of these variations are feasible but must be evaluated for stability. 

Lime soap dispersancy and hard water tolerance Hydrolytic stability over broad acidic and alkali pH ranges Water solubility and wetting characteristics Compatibility with cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants Foam enhancement Viscosity enhancement... 

Economical concentrated ALES base with excellent hard water tolerance. Commonly used in shampoo, bath, and personal care products. Also widely used in light duty cleansers, liquid dishwash, and fabric washes. 

Excellent hard water tolerance Stable over entire pH range Complete blodegradabillty Oxidative stability in hypochlorite Good emulsifying... 

Hild to the skin. Compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Excellent viscosity builder and gelling agent. Hard-water tolerance permits equally good foaming in hard and soft water. Stable in high-electrolyte solutions and will help solubilize other surfactants into these systems. Stable in acidic and alkaline conditions, functioning as cationic in acid media and as anionic in alkaline. Lime soap dispersant. 

This information is necessary to understand the fundamental nature of the a-sulfonated fatty acid esters and their characteristic behavior, such as the low Krafft points, the hard-water tolerance, and the large heat of transition [67]. 

In summary, the proposed use of borates in chemical EOR, notably ASP flooding, is a very recent development, with significant promise. It is true that no field trials have yet been conducted and there is no experience in the field of preparing and handling borate-based ASP fluids. Nevertheless, borates are considered safe for humans and the environment, are noncorrosive, and are readily available and affordable. Their hard-water tolerance makes than particularly suited for use in high-hardness and high-salinity carbonate reservoirs containing acidic crudes, where conventional alkalis have failed or cannot be used. This is especially relevant in cases where environmental restrictions prohibit the use of locally available soft water, or where it is uneconomic to artificially soften the injected water. 

Ether sulfates (SEES) have long been known as excellent detergents with good hard-water tolerance. Alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) are widely used in Japan and less used elsewhere. Recent studies have shown alpha-sulfomethyl... 

Uses Wetting agent, surf, tens./interfacial tens, reducer, hydrotrope, and dispersant for agric. applies, incl. adjuvant and tank mix compat. agent Features Hard water tolerant... 

Uses 0/w emulsifier for sol. oils and pastes for metalworking, emulsion cleaners, syn. and semi-syn. coolants aids rust protection Features Hard water tolerance... 

Uses Surfactant, wetting agent, spreading agent, penetration agent, and antiredeposition aid for frictionless vehicle detergents, aircraft cleaners, tire and wheel cleaners, hard surface cleaners and degreasers Features Hard water tolerant alkyl phenol ethoxylate free requires no coupler ... 

Uses Detergent, foaming agent for household and industrial applies., hand soaps, all-purpose cleaners, and solvent cleaners Features Exc. hard water tolerance... 

Uses Surfactant emulsifier for soluble oil lubricants Features Easy to handle sulfur free easy-to-use alternative to petroleum sulfonate hard water tolerant contains no aromatics Environmental Environmentally friendly Doverlube PE-80 [Dover]... 

Uses Shampoo base, foamer, detergent, and emulsifier Features Hard water tolerant low skin irritation antirust action exc. alkali and acid resistance... 

Uses Foaming agent cleansing agent shampoo base emulsifier antirust action Features Hard water tolerant exc. alkali and acid resistance Regulatory JSCI listed... 

Features Produces a creamy and abundant lather leaves skin with a luxurious, silky feel hard water tolerant will not leave a soap film or residue Properties APHA color20 (5% sol n.) wh. flakes 65% cone. 

Uses Antimicrobial, hard surf, disinfectant, sanitizer, fungicide for hospitals, nursing homes, public institutions algicide in swimming pool and industrial water treatment deodorizer Features Hard water tolerance Regulatory EPA reg, 10324-17 Properties Sol. in water and polar soivs. 50 and 80% act. 

Uses Foaming agent, cleansing agent for cosmetics, shampoos, cleansers Features Suited for high vise, prods. hard water tolerant sol. at low temp. Regulatory JSCI listed Properties Colorless liq. 27% cone. 

Features Stable in strong acid, alkali conditions low foaming hard water tolerant Regulatery Not regulated for transport RCRA nonreportable CERCLA reportable ... 

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