Application range

This method has a very general application range analysis for metals in crude oils, in their various distillation cuts, and in their residues as well as for metals contained in spent lubricating oils, water, lubricants, etc. 

U. Ewert Treatment about the Application Range of Selenium Bundesanstalt fiir... 

There is a trend in the last years to extend the application range of metal-ceramic tubes also to medium power portable equipment 160kV to 300kV portable systems are well known in the market. 

Projection radiography is widely used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. Film digitisation allows a direct access to the local density variations by computer software. Following to a calibration step an interactive estimation of local wall thickness change based on the obtained density variation is possible. The theoretical model is discussed, the limitations of the application range are shown and examples of the practical use are given. The accuracy of this method is compared to results from wall thickness measurements with ultrasonic devices. 

AC impedance spectroscopy is widely employed for the investigation of both solid- and liquid-phase phenomena. In particular, it has developed into a powerfiil tool m corrosion teclmology and in the study of porous electrodes for batteries [, and ]. Its usage has grown to include applications ranging from... 

Fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory are applied to various problems in chemistry. The applications range from component identification and spectral Hbrary search to fuzzy pattern recognition or calibrations of analytical methods. 

Using 2eohte catalysts, the NO reduction takes place inside a molecular sieve ceramic body rather than on the surface of a metallic catalyst (see Molecularsieves). This difference is reported to reduce the effect of particulates, soot, SO2/SO2 conversions, heavy metals, etc, which poison, plug, and mask metal catalysts. ZeoHtes have been in use in Europe since the mid-1980s and there are approximately 100 installations on stream. Process applications range from use of natural gas to coal as fuel. Typically, nitrogen oxide levels are reduced 80 to 90% (37). 

Select a material of construction that has a wide application range... 

Table 3-1 Data and application range of important reference electrodes...

In applying electrolytic protection, galvanized tubes can be installed downstream from copper components in water boilers without danger of Cu " -induced pitting corrosion. The protection process extends the application range for galvanized tubes with respect to water parameters, temperature and material quality beyond that in the technical regulations [16, 17]. 

Fig. 22-1 Economic application range for cathodic protection with magnesium anodes or with impressed current.

Figure 1-2. Typical application ranges of compressor types.

Avogadro s Law, 16 Axial compressor, 13, 14 application range, 14, 226 balance piston, 252... 

More recently, the application range seems to be extended with increasing demand to even more complex situations, including additional effects such as... 

Both reciprocating engines and turbines are used as prime movers in production facilities to directly drive pumps, compressors, generators, cranes, etc. Reciprocating engines for oil field applications range in horsepower from 100 to 3,500, while gas turbines range from 1,500 to in excess of 75,000. 

Distillation is probably Ihe most widely used separation (mass transfer) process in the chemical and allied industries. Its applications range from the rectification of alcohol, which has been practiced since antiquity, lo the fractionation of crude oil. The separation of liquid mixtures by distillation is based on differences in volatility between the components. The greater the... 

In order to achieve the widest application range, partially concurrent solvent evaporation (PCSE) with an on-column interface is normally used during the transfer of analytes from the LC-type precolumn to the GC system. Eully concurrent solvent evaporation (ESCE), with a loop-type interface, is used in some cases, although the... 

In these first studies, similarity measures were investigated to survey the molecular diversity of a set of molecules resolved on a given CSP in order to compare the extent of their application range. 

To demonstrate the excellent correlation (r- = 0.99) between the luminance of the images and molecular diversity, we plotted the luminance values of the map versus the mean similarity values of data sets (Fig. 4-13). From this plot, a scoring scheme for the classification of CSPs from specific to broad application range can be well established Crownpak CR > Pirkle DNBPG > Whelk > Chiralpak AD > Chiralcel OD. 

Whelk-0 1 and Pirkle DNBPG have appreciable differences in terms of application range. This is not surprising since Pirkle DNBPG often requires a prior derivatization of solutes to achieve a separation. This also confirms the atypical character of Whelk-0 1 compared to other Pirkle-like CSPs. 

Caution must be emphasized here that this simple method which aims to measure the molecular diversity between two CSP classes does not provide an absolute scale. However, a relative analysis of luminance values (Table 4-5) can show how potentially different are the application range of two CSPs and can also help to select a subset of CSPs that represent the largest scope of applications. 

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