National Correspondents

For this purpose, we will organize our analysis on the basis of the nations which, during World War Two, came under German rule either in whole or in part, and we will examine the fluctuations exhibited by the Jewish population statistics there. The sequence of the nations corresponds on the whole to that used in Benz s work, where only these countries are dealt with. In comparison, Sarming incorporates more extensive demographic observations, taking into account non-European nations as well, for which reason no strictly defined sequence of nations under German rule can be maintained in his work. 

At the European level, the national organizations from both the EU (European Union, formerly the EEC) and the EETA (European Free Trade Association) are grouped in the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries CENELEC. The standards published by these two organizations have authority in all EU countries as well as the EFTA countries who have voted their approval, which means that these standards have replaced their corresponding national standards. 

In recent years, the three-level system of NDT experts certification, which corresponds to the EN 473, is being introduced m Ukraine The unified Rules of NDT Experts Certification will be introduced in the near future. This work is headed by the State Committee of Ukraine on Labour Safety), and with the aim of the most expedient transition to EN 473, the National Certification Committee of Ukraine on NDT was established by the initiative of US NDT TD. The Committee has the tasks of preparing the programs, procedures, questionnaires for carrying out the certification. It is a non-profit organisation which is in charge of the methodological issues of certification m the US NDT TD. 

Each element of matrix corresponds to the probability that the amino acid in coiumn wiii mutate to the jmino acid in row j after a period of 1 PAM. The vaiues have been multipiied by 10000. (Based on Dayhoff M O 1978. Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure Voiume 5 Suppiement 3. Dayhoff M O (Editor) Georgetown Jniversity Medicai Center, National Biomedical Research Foundation Figure 82.)... 

To efficiendy drive the development of improved substrate materials, the limiting values of birefringence have to be known this is especially tme for WORM and EOD(MOR) substrate disks. These limit values were laid down by the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) Technical Standard Committee (186—188). For 5.25 in. WORM disks, the ANSI document X 3 B 11/88-144 recommends a maximum LEP value of 9% this corresponds to an optical path difference perpendicular to the plane of the disk of not more than 80 nm/mm (double path). For 5.25 in. EOD(MOR) disks, more stringent conditions apply (ANSI-document X 3 B 11/88-049), which also allow calculation of the allowed range. 

For many years, the method of obtaining foreign patent protection corresponding to a U.S. patent appHcation was to file separate, individual patent apphcations in selected foreign countries. Each of the appHcations had to be written to conform with the national requirements of the country in which it was filed. 

Ha.rd Coa.1, The amount of coal in international commerce since ca 1945 necessitated an international system of coal classification and in 1956 the Coal Committee of the European Economic Community agreed on a system designated the International Classification of Hard Coal by Type (3). Volatile matter and gross calorific value on a moist, ash-free basis are among the parameters considered. Table 4 shows the various classes of the international system and gives the corresponding national names used for these coals. 

Table 4. The International and Corresponding National Systems of Coal Classes ...

There are two primary sources for aqueous pollution in this process—the condensate streams R] (1,000 kg/hr) and R2 (69,300 kg/hr). Both streams have the same supply composition, which corresponds to the solubility of benzene in water which is 1770 ppm (1.77 X10 kg bcnzcne/kg water). Consequently, they may be combined as a single stream. The target composition is 57 ppb as dictated by the VOC environmental regulations called NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System). 

Binding occupational exposure limit values reflect feasibility factors related to social acceptability. When the results of environmental monitoring have to be compared with OELs, factors that influence exposure and that entail preventive policies are considered. For these values member states shall establish a corresponding national binding occupational exposure limit value based on but not exceeding the community limit value. That is, a binding limit means a minimum requirement. 

An indicative limit value is a more common type of limit that reflects expert evaluation based on scientific data where it is possible to identify the highest level of exposure along with the corresponding reference time period for which one can have confidence that there will be no adverse effects on health. For any chemical agent for which an indicative occupational exposure limit value is established at the community level, member states shall establish a national occupational exposure limit value, taking into account the community limit value and determining its nature in accordance with national legislation and practice. 

With particles, the contaminant concentration in the duct is determined by isokinetic sampling with subsequent laboratory analysis use of a calibrated direct reading instrument. If the concentration distribution in the duct is uneven, a complete survey of the concentration distribution with the corresponding duct velocities and cross-sectional area is required. National and ISO standards provide information on isokinetic sampling and velocity measurements. In the case of particles, the airborne emission differs from the total emission, for example in the case of granular particulate. The contaminant settling on surfaces depends on particle distribution, airflow rates, direction in the space, electrical properties of the surfaces and the material, and the amount of moisture or grease in the environment. 

The European philosophy on area classification varies from that of the United. States and Canada. Specifically, in Europe and most other inter national areas, the Zone concept is utilized. An area in which an expio sive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present for long perioiK of time, is referred to as Zone 0. The vapor space of a closed, but vented, process vessel or storage tank is an example. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operations is designated Zone 1. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is less likely to occur, and if it does occur will exist only for a short time, is designated Zone 2. Zone 0 and Zone 1 correspond to Division 1 in the U.S. and Canada System. Zone 2 is equivalent to Division 2. 

Flame arresters are categorized by the MESG of the gas being handled and its corresponding classification by the National Electrical Code (NEC) groups in the US or the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) groups in Europe (see Chapter 5). 

Nonfluorinated a- and P diketoms give the corresponding tetrafluoroalkanes as the major products together with considerable amounts of alkenes, ethers, and sulfites Formation of side products is reduced, and yields of tetrafluoroalkanes are greatly improved by conducting the lluori nation reactions in an excess of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride [176, 177]... 

A fluonnated dimethyl ether is assigned the same number as the corresponding Cj alkane prefixed with an "E , a nomenclature recently adopted by the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) in the United States... 

The higher reactivity of the Raney nickel coated plates is also illustrated by the plots of catalyst temperature vs. bed length (Figure 10). The maximum bed temperature (indicative of near-completion of metha-nation) was consistently reached within a shorter distance from the gas inlet, and the slopes of the curves are correspondingly steeper for the more reactive bed of parallel plates coated with Raney nickel. 

Alkenylcarbene complexes react with in situ-generated iodomethyllithium or dibromomethyllithium, at low temperature, to produce cydopropylcarbene complexes in a formal [2C+1S] cycloaddition reaction. This reaction is highly diastereoselective and the use of chiral alkenylcarbene complexes derived from (-)-8-phenylmenthol has allowed the enantioselective synthesis of highly interesting 1,2-disubstituted and 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropane derivatives [31] (Scheme 9). As in the precedent example, this reaction is supposed to proceed through an initial 1,4-addition of the corresponding halomethyllithium derivative to the alkenylcarbene complex, followed by a spontaneous y-elimi-nation of lithium halide to produce the final cydopropylcarbene complexes. 

The first [3S+2C] cycloaddition reaction using a Fischer carbene complex was accomplished by Fischer et al. in 1973 when they reported the reaction of the pentacarbonyl(ethoxy)(phenylethynyl)carbene complex of tungsten and diazomethane to give a pyrazole derivative [45]. But it was 13 years later when Chan and Wulff demonstrated that in fact this was the first example of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction [46,47a]. The introduction of a bulky trime-thylsilyl group on the diazomethane in order to prevent carbene-carbon olefi-nation leads to the corresponding pyrazole carbene complexes in better yields (Scheme 15). 

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