Specific requirements

Some regulatory bodies require that the SAR be assessed by an independent peer review group. In this case, the results of the review may be reported directly to the regulatory body. Additionally, in some Member States the proposal for a research reactor project may be subjected to an open public debate. For these purposes, the operating organization may have to develop a non-technical version of the SAR which can be understood by the general public. 

The SAR shall present adequate references which may be necessary for the review and assessment process. This reference material should be freely available to the regulatory body and should not be subject to any classification or limitation that would prevent adequate review and assessment. Such references need not be submitted together with the SAR, but they should be retained by the operating organization or the designers to be provided upon request. 

Owing to the volume of documents required to support an SAR, a document control system should be established to manage the indexing and to control the issue of the separate documents that make up the SAR. This system shall control the updating, revision, issue or removal of reports in accordance with a QA programme so that the information is always up to date. 

The reactor type, site and characteristics (design, power, usage) may influence the extent of the information that must be presented in the SAR. Accident scenarios for reactors with higher power levels will usually require more details on the site and on the safety features in order to protect against any significant releases to the environment. 

For small, low risk facilities (such as critical assemblies or reactors with low power levels) these requirements are much less stringent. However, as the SAR is often the only comprehensive document produced, every topic discussed in the Appendix of this Guide should be considered. Although the extent of information on each topic would be limited, the scope of some topics (e.g. the protection of the operating personnel against overexposure in critical assembly facilities) may be much larger for small, low power facilities. 

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The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

The specifications require a maximum Conradson Carbon of 0.35%. This limit is very easily met in fact the values obtained on commercial products rarely exceed 0.1%. On the other hand, for heavy fuels, the Conradson Carbon can often reach 5 to 10%, as we will show later. 

The Doctor Test, NF M 07-029 or ASTM D 484, is conducted in qualitative tests for free sulfur, free H2S, and mercaptans. The specifications require a negative Doctor Test for these three types of contaminants. 

Owing to the large number of types of industrial lubricants, the number of constraints, and therefore the number of desired properties, is very large. The main industrial oils are summarized in Tables 6.4 and 6.5, the first giving the constraints common to all applications, and the second addressing the more specific requirements. A few essential properties appear from these tables ... 

First of all, one should note that refining a low cost raw material into low or medium added value products requires extremely delicate optimization. It is out of the question to give them much more than the specifications require thus highlighting the importance of being able to predict the various product yields and qualities that a given crude oil can supply. A profound understanding of crude oils appears therefore indispensable. That is the role of crude oil analysis, an operation traced in part to refining, with the... 

Even now the operator should be able to change the instrument sensitivity, e.g. to evaluate an echo which exceeds the upper limit of the screen, or which is too small, or simply to follow the mles of the test specification requiring a so-called search sensitivity. Even after changing the gain, any echo evaluation will be correct, since the registration curve will be adjusted automatically to always maintain the correct relationship between the defect echo and the registration curve. 

Finally, under the heading Specific pressure equipment requirements specific requirements are set out for equipment with a risk of overheating, for piping and, last but not least, specific quantitative requirements which set out a series of safety factors for certain pressure equipment. These latter provisions apply as a general rule which means that a manufacturer or a harmonised standard may deviate from these factors if it can be demonstrated that appropriate measures have been taken to achieve an equivalent level of safety. 

But laboratories using NDT methods have a set of features. Specific requirements were needed to be specified for evaluation of their technical competence. These requirements were reflected in rules of interstate standardisation - UMT 15-96 Requirements to the competence of laboratories of non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics . 

This database has some additional commands and search fields, which are tailored to the specific requirements of retrieving spectroscopic data, e.g., peak or multiplicity searches. 

Others would extend the fertiliser concept to the simultaneous addition of readily biodegradable substrates along with the fertiliser nutrients to stimulate the growth of contaminant-degrading organisms most rapidly, and to aid in the rapid utilisation of the fertiliser nutrients before they might be leached from the contaminated area. The specific requirements for the most efficacious substrates is an area of current research. 

The pubHcations detailing standards (5—8) generally include both specifications and methods of analysis for the substances. The estabHshment of standards of quaHty for chemicals of any kind presupposes the abiHty to set numerical limits on physical properties, allowable impurities, and strength, and to provide the test methods by which conformity to the requirements may be demonstrated. Tests are considered appHcable only to the specific requirements for which they were written. Modification of a requirement, especially if the change is toward a higher level of purity, often necessitates revision of the test to ensure the test s vaHdity. 

Frequency Selection. When estabhshing the specifications for a coreless induction furnace, the material to be melted, the quantity of metal to be poured for each batch, and the quantity to be produced per hour must be considered simultaneously. Graphs have been developed that combine these factors with practical experience to indicate possible solutions for a specific requirement. 

In the electronics industry, gold is used as fine wires or thin film coatings and frequendy in the form of alloys to economize on gold consumption and to impart properties such as hardness. Gold has properties that satisfy specific requirements not achievable with less expensive metals (see Electrical connectors Electronics coatings Thin films). 

Requirements for space suits are more complex and frequently involve garments that can circulate water and/or air through the fibrous assembly. Laminated and/or coated garments with specific requirements to pressure, radiation, temperature, and humidity are more stmcturaHy complex as a textile product relative to the types of fibers used in this aerospace fabrication. 

The largest volume of hydrauHc fluids are mineral oils containing additives to meet specific requirements. These fluids comprise over 80% of the world demand (ca 3.6 x 10 L (944 x 10 gal))- In contrast world demand for fire-resistant fluids is only about 5% of the total industrial fluid market. Fire-resistant fluids are classified as high water-base fluids, water-in-oil emulsions, glycols, and phosphate esters. Polyolesters having shear-stable mist suppressant also meet some fire-resistant tests. 

Diesel Fuel. Eederal diesel specifications were changed to specify a maximum of 0.05% sulfur and a minimum cetane index of 40 or a maximum aromatics content of 35 vol % for on-road diesel. Eor off-road diesel, higher sulfur is allowed. CARB specifications require 0.05% sulfur on or off road and 10% aromatics maximum or passage of a qualification test. Process technologies chosen to meet these specifications include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and aromatics saturation. 

Other routes for hydroxybenzaldehydes are the electrolytic or catalytic reduction of hydroxybenzoic acids (65,66) and the electrolytic or catalytic oxidation of cresols (67,68). (see Salicylic acid and related compounds). Sahcylaldehyde is available in drums and bulk quantities. The normal specification is a freezing point minimum of 1.4°C. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is available in fiber dmms, and has a normal specification requirement of a 114°C initial melting point. More refined analytical methods are used where the appHcation requires more stringent specifications. 

Military Application and Aerospace Wires. Depending on the specific appHcation, a variety of polymers can be considered PVC, polyamides, PTEE, etc (Eig. 3). Navy shipboard specifications require cables with dame retardancy, low smoke emission during fire, and containing no halogen. 

Particle Shape and Size. With few exceptions, resins are supplied as small, round beads having a diameter between 0.3 and 1.2 mm. Some resins are reduced to a smaller size by grinding to satisfy specific requirements in applications for electric power generation (qv) and pharmaceuticals (qv). 

Early injection lasers were small rectangular parallelepipeds made by cutting a wafer of GaAs. Feedback was provided by mirrors polished on two edges or by cleaving. The wafer had ap—n junction incorporated into it and broad area or stripe contacts were provided. Laser stmctures have since evolved to satisfy a wide range of appHcation specific requirements. 

Heat Recovery and Seed Recovery System. Although much technology developed for conventional steam plants is appHcable to heat recovery and seed recovery (HRSR) design, the HRSRhas several differences arising from MHD-specific requirements (135,136). First, the MHD diffuser, which has no counterpart ia a conventional steam plant, is iacluded as part of the steam generation system. The diffuser experiences high 30 50 W/cm heat transfer rates. Thus, it is necessary to allow for thermal expansion of the order of 10 cm (137) ia both the horizontal and vertical directions at the connection between the diffuser and the radiant furnace section of the HRSR. 

Hot Work. The objective of a hot work standard is to prevent fires, explosions, and other causes of injury which might result from workplace ignition sources such as welding (qv), cutting, grinding, and use of electrically powered tools. The OSHA standards have specific requirements (36,94) for fire prevention and protection and a permit system. 

The matrix polymers can be divided into brittie or ductile categories, each having specific requirements for achieving toughness (Table 3). Numerous variations are possible. For instance, often mbber particles that vary in both size and kind are desirable for optimum performance. In these cases, the requirements of the mbber phase and the toughening mechanisms are complex. 

Propanol is a commodity chemical sold on specification (Table 2). Whereas the specification requires at least 99.8% 1-propanol, purity is generally ia excess of 99.9%. 

The most comprehensive set of descriptions of ferrous scrap are pubHshed by ISRI. Individual steel mill and foundry consumers usually foUow the ISRI specifications, although many also incorporate specific requirements tailored to the needs of the consuming faciHty. 

PMA requirements differ between preamendment and post-amendment devices. Preamendment devices are those in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 post-amendment devices are those first commercially distributed after the date. Class III post-amendment devices that are not substantially equivalent to preamendment Class III devices are considered new devices. Manufacturers of such devices are required to obtain PMA appHcation approval before marketing these. If the post-amendment device is substantially equivalent to a preamendment device and PDA has not initiated a regulatory process specifically requiring the submission of a PMA for the device category, a 510(k) submission can be made. 

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

The specification requirements for electrode binder pitch, eg, high C/H ratio, high coking value, and high P-resin content, effectively ruled out pitches from gasworks or low temperature tars. The cmde tar is distilled to a medium-soft pitch residue and then hardened by heating for several hours at 385—400°C. This treatment increases the toluene-insoluble content and produces only a slight increase in the quinoline-insoluble (Ql) material, the latter by the formation of mesophase. 

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