Contaminated areas

Others would extend the fertiliser concept to the simultaneous addition of readily biodegradable substrates along with the fertiliser nutrients to stimulate the growth of contaminant-degrading organisms most rapidly, and to aid in the rapid utilisation of the fertiliser nutrients before they might be leached from the contaminated area. The specific requirements for the most efficacious substrates is an area of current research. 

Repeated exposures of animals to high (near-lethal) concentrations of vapors result in inflammation of the respiratory tract, as weU as degenerative changes in the Hver, kidneys, and heart muscle. These effects arise at concentrations far above those causing irritation. Such effects have not been reported in humans. The low odor threshold and irritating properties of acrylates cause humans to leave a contaminated area rather than tolerate the irritation. 

Y. S. Sedunov, V. A. Borzilov, and N. V. Klepikova, Use of Mathematical Modeling to Estimate Formation of Contaminated Areas Resultingfrom Nuclear Accident, IAEA-SM-306/114, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1990. 

An innovative companion technology to SVE is radio frequency heating of the soil (42,43). Heating the soil increases the volatilization of the containments which are removed by SVE. Antennae are installed near the center of the contaminated area the radio frequency energy appHed through the anteimae heat the soil to target levels of 100 to 150°C. 

HBr reacts with metals, producing highly explosive hydrogen gas. If aleak or spill occurs, exposure to the vapors should be avoided. If a high concentration of aqueous acid is accidentally spilled, it should be diluted immediately with water to reduce fuming prior to neutralization. Hydrobromic acid may be neutralized with soda ash or lime sprinkled over the contaminated area. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide may also be used to neutralize the diluted acid. 

Its primary military appHcation is to restrict the use of terrain or lower the mobiHty of opposing personnel in a contaminated area. It is volatile enough to be effective as a vapor in warm weather. Relatively modest expenditures of munitions yield severely incapacitating vapor dosages within less than an hour (6). 

The identification of PCB residues in fish, wildlife, and human tissues has been reported since the 1970s (9—13,20—26). The results of these analytical studies led to the ultimate ban on further use and production of these compounds. The precise composition of PCB extracts from biota samples is highly variable and depends, in part, on the specific analyte and the commercial PCB preparations associated with a contaminated area (14). PCBs found in a composite human milk sample from Michigan (26) were highly complex, and the congener composition and their relative concentrations did not resemble any of the commercial PCB preparations. This fact raises obvious problems with regard to the ha2ard assessment of PCB mixtures (27). 

Since it is not practical to manufacture a llameproof enclosure due to its size and bulk and the number of knockouts and openings on the doors for switches, metering, indicators, and pushbuttons (PBs) etc., it is common practice to locate the.se assemblies some distance from the affected area in a separate well-ventilated room. Depending upon the location and intensity ol contamination, it may be permissible to meet the requirement by using a pressurized enclosure by maintaining a positive pressure inside the enclosure similar to that for motors (Section 7.1.3..3). When there arc many switchgear assemblies, the room itself can be pressurized, which is safer and easier. Small enclosures, however, such as a PB station, switch or a switch fuse unit or an individual starter unit etc., which can be easily made of MS plates or cast iron, as discussed in Section 7.13, can be mounted in the hazardous area while the main MCC can be installed in the control room, away from the contaminated area and from where the process can be monitored. 

Tolerance of animals for fluorides varies, dairy cattle being most sensitive and poultry least (Table 8-3). Fluorosis of animals in contaminated areas can be avoided by keeping the intake levels below those listed by incorporating clean feeds with those high in fluorides. It has also been determined... 

Hot corrosion is a rapid form of attack that is generally associated with alkali metal contaminants, such as sodium and potassium, reacting with sulfur in the fuel to form molten sulfates. The presence of only a few parts per million (ppm) of such contaminants in the fuel, or equivalent in the air, is sufficient to cause this corrosion. Sodium can be introduced in a number of ways, such as salt water in liquid fuel, through the turbine air inlet at sites near salt water or other contaminated areas, or as contaminants in water/steam injections. Besides the alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, other chemical elements can influence or cause corrosion on bucketing. Notable in this connection are vanadium, primarily found in crude and residual oils. 

Survey capability with ppm detection limits, not affected by surface charging effects complete elemental coverage survey microanalysis of contaminated areas, chemical failure analysis... 

Prohibition of eating, drinking, smoking, application of cosmetics etc. in contaminated areas. 

Provision of adequate information, instruction and training control against exposures by measures other than the use of personal protective equipment provision of adequate washing facilities prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking m contaminated areas and health surveillance are covered. 

Select the employee to be sampled and discuss the purpose of the sampling. Inform the employee when and where the equipment will be removed. Stress the importance of not removing or tampering with the sampling equipment. Turn off or remove sampling pumps before an employee leaves a potentially contaminated area (such as when he/she goes to lunch or on a break). 

If a rescue is made of a contaminated, or possibly contaminated person, it is very important to prevent the spread of the contaminant. If at all possible the victim should be decontaminated, to the best of your ability, at the scene. After the decontamination, the victim, and the rescuers, will still be considered to be contaminated. If at all possible the victim should be transported by personnel who have not entered the contaminated area. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Self-contained or airline breathing apparatus solvent-resistant rubber gloves chemical splash goggles Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation causes impairment of coordination, headache. Contact with liquid causes mild irritation of eyes and skin. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION remove victim from contaminated area administer artificial respiration if necessary call physician. SKIN wipe off liquid wash well with soap and water. INGESTION induce... 

For example, contaminated areas of a hazardous waste site potentially pose some level of health hazards. 

For exposure to occur, workers should have access to the hazard (e.g., they should work in or near contaminated areas). Under normal circumstances, those workers who are prevented from entering contaminated areas (by using access controls) are not exposed to contaminated material. In many cases these workers do not fall under the requirements, provided that they are not exposed to other safety hazards as a result of the operation. Conversely, workers in contaminated areas are covered because they have access to health hazards and could be potentially exposed [1]. 

Safety hazards are treated in the same manner. For example, workers who work in trenches in clean areas of the site would be covered by the OSHA Excavation and Trenching Standard, Subpart P, 29 CFR 1926. Workers who work in trenches in contaminated areas would fall under both Subpart P and HAZWOPER. Workers who do not work in trenches fall under HAZWOPER only when working in contaminated areas and would not be covered by either standard when working solely in clean areas, provided they are not exposed to safety hazards resulting from hazardous waste operations. 

If a truck driver is hauling clay fill into an exclusion zone, does this fall under the HAZWOPER standard At some sites, it might be a requirement that ALL persons (including truck drivers) are HAZWOPER trained. However, in all likelihood, a requirement to HAZWOPER train all truck drivers would be a difficult requirement to administer. At most sites, drivers are not HAZWOPER trained. One way to avoid this training would be to require that the drivers do not drive through contaminated areas. In addition, make sure that the drivers know that they must not leave their trucks and that they should keep their windows rolled up. 

For example, in considering workers in contaminated areas of the site who work on scaffolds, the OSHA Scaffolding Standards are more protective for safety hazards resulting from working on scaffolds. HAZWOPER is more protective for health hazards resulting from the contamination. The applicable provisions of both standards would apply to the work. 

No one should enter a contaminated area or an exclusion zone without a buddy (someone who can aid you in case of an emergency) who is capable of the following ... 

The safety plan should specify the level of decontamination necessary for specific site activities. Appropriate procedures should be developed and implemented to help minimize contamination, to prevent the spread, and to decontaminate workers and equipment when they exit any contaminated area [1]. 

Decontamination of employees leaving a contaminated area [OSHA Reference, 120(k)(2)(iii)]... 

Decontamination or disposal of clothing or equipment leaving a contaminated area [OSHA Reference, 120(k)(2)(iii)] Decontamination or disposal of equipment and solvents used for decon [OSHA Reference, 120(k)(4)]... 

---