Scandinavian countries

Specifications for density, distillation curve and viscosity shown above are for products distributed in temperate climates. Other limits are required for arctic regions, particularly the Scandinavian countries. See Tables 5.13 and 5.14. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

One type of thick hardwood plywood stiU available is imported from the northern Scandinavian countries and is generally known as Finnish birch. Characteristically, these plywoods are manufactured using multiple layers of veneer of the same thickness, about 1.5 mm (1 /16 in.), and bonded with a urea—formaldehyde or melamine—urea—formaldehyde adhesive. 

Laminated windshields, as opposed to tempered glass windshields, are gaining in market share outside of North America. From 37% of the non-North American market of 1976, they were estimated to have reached 75% by 1982 (13). In addition to North America, Belgium, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries permit only laminated windshields, and other nations are increasing use by customer option. The trend toward laminated windshields is expected to continue and nonlaminated windshields will likely be obsolete by the year 2000 (14). 

Garene Manufacture. 3-Carene is obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine. Turpentine from the western United States and Canada averages about 25% 3-carene much of it is unutilised although it is obtained in high optical purity. Turpentines from the Scandinavian countries, the CIS, Pakistan, and India all contain significant quantities of 3-carene. 

In Scandinavian countries, it is primarily Arabica coffee that is imported and consumed37 which is 1.1% caffeine in other countries, the mix... 

Mr. Diehn knew East Asia he took over that part of the world. Mr. Ruperti treated the overseas business he had South and Central America and the British Empire Dr. Gattineau took care of the Scandinavian countries and I concerned myself with the United States and France because I had traveled much in the United States until 1932.. . . Goebbels lost interest in us. He called us a clique of capitalists that only criticized. 

The OECD was established by Convention in 1960,(32) and grew out of the Marshall Aid Plan s Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. It has a membership of 24 countries, including the U.S., all ten members of the EEC, Scandinavian countries, Canada, Japan and Australia. In addition, the EEC "takes part" in OECD activities. 

Aim B, Milerad J, Wennergren G, Skjaerven R, Oyen N, Norvenius G, Daitveit AK, Helweg-Larsen K, Markestad T, Irgens LM. (1998). A case-control study of smoking and sudden infant death syndrome in the Scandinavian countries, 1992 to 1995. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Arch Dis Child. 78(4) 329-34. 

Similar results were observed in most European countries (UK, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic) and North American sites (Adirondack mountains, Blue ridge mountains, Maine, Atlantic Canada, Ontario). Significant trends were only found in Scandinavian countries and in the Appalachians Mountains, Vermont and Quebec. However, independently of the presence or not of a significant trend, at most smdied sites concentrations of base cations tend to decrease, phenomena that cannot be observed in the Alps [23]. 

At the present time, several countries have well-organised and experienced spontaneous reporting systems which contribute the bulk of ADE reports. In particular the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Scandinavian countries have records going back several decades, and can claim to have in their possession data of reasonable quality. The section on p. 438 considers the various methods of causality assessment that are available and the data that are required for their application. 

In North America and certain Scandinavian countries, the severe winter conditions require the use of both water-reducing and air-entraining... 

MSkela, Klaus. 1986. "Attitudes Towards Drinking and Drunkenness in Four Scandinavian Countries." In Alcohol and Culture Comparative Perspectives from Europe and America, edited by Thomas F. Babor. New York New York Acad ... 

Sharpe suggested that DDE (which inhibits male sex hormones—androgens—and is an antiandrogen ) may play a role in the hypothesized increases in diseases or problems in the male reproductive tract35 However, breast-milk levels of DDE (a commonly used measure for DDE exposures) are comparable in all four Scandinavian countries and therefore do not correlate with... 

Metamizol is relatively free of acute side-effects but in rare cases may induce severe and life-threatening allergic reactions such as agranulocytosis, allergic skin reactions and allergic shock. Therefore, the compound is not used in the UK, US or Scandinavian countries. 

Any distinction between cordite and ballistite which is based upon the methods by which the materials are manufactured is now no longer valid. Certain cordites are made without the use of a volatile solvent. Ballistites are made from soluble and from insoluble nitrocellulose, with and without the use of acetone, ethyl acetate, or other volatile solvent. Cordite is the name of the propellant which is used by the British armed forces. Ballistite, generally in flakes, sometimes in cords and in single-perforated tubes, is the preferred military powder of Italy, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. 

In Scandinavian countries road dust emissions generate large quantities of coarse particles by enhanced pavement abrasion and mechanical fragmentation of traction sand grains [126-130]. 

Thus, the two case-controls studies from Scandinavian countries have reported beneficial associations between milk fat biomarkers and heart disease, while the study from the United States reported a positive association. The differences in results may well reflect the type of foods and the context in which the dairy food was consumed. In the United States, cheese and milk are commonly found in takeaway meals such as cheeseburgers and shakes, and often consumed with less healthy foods such as fries. 

The average daily consumption of caffeine for adults in the United States is about 210 mg. Coffee accounts for 60% of the total caffeine consumed in the United States, while soft drinks and tea each represent 16% of the total. In the United Kingdom, by comparison, caffeine intake is twice the American rate, and tea accounts for 72% of the British total. In Scandinavian countries, coffee is the preferred beverage. For instance, in Sweden, coffee makes up 85% of the total per capita of caffeine consumption. Finland is renowned for the practice of brewing particularly potent coffee, boiled and decanted directly from ground beans. 

The environmental impact per unit GDP (7) is not only a function of technology but also a function of human behavior and societal culture. Jackson shows that countries with the same GDP per capita show large differences in hazardous waste per unit GDP. For instance, Scandinavian countries, compared to Canada and the United States show, a similar GDP per capita but up to a factor 4 difference in hazardous waste per unit capita (18, p. 115). This difference is due to differences in culture. Scandinavian countries value nature more than does the United States. A good source for further reading on this aspect of wealth increase and impact reduction is von Weizsacker et al. (27). 

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