Arctic zone

In Europe, the classification of diesel fuels according to cold behavior is shown in Tables 5.13 and 5.14. The products are divided into ten classes, six for temperate climates, four for arctic zones. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

Alkaloids derived from L-ornithine, L-lysine, and L-trypthophan occur in the Legume plant family (Fabaceae Juss.) (Table 9). This plant family is the third largest botanical family, with 650 genera and 18000 species in the humid tropics, sub-tropics, temperate and sub-arctic zones around the Globe". L-ornithine-derived alkaloids such as senecionine are present in the genus Crota Crotalaria L.). 

Boville B.W., Kwizak M. and Davies K., The storage of non-living organic carbon in Boreal and Arctic Zones - Canada. Final Report, Contract DE-AS01-81EV-10688 (U.S. Department of Energy), Toronto, Institute of Environmental Studies, 89 pp. (1982). 

Many lipids are essential to good human health. Some of them serve as chemical messengers in the body. Others serve as ways to store chemical energy. There is a good reason that babies are born with baby fat. Seeds contain lipids for the storage of energy. People living in Arctic zones seek fatty foods in their diet. 

Two other more dilute and much less easily worked sources of solid fossil fuels are oil shale and tar sands. Each of two relatively small areas of the North American continent have amounts of oil bound in shales and sands which, when retorted out, could produce more oil than the total of all of that of the Middle East (5), Billions of dollars have been spent and are being spent to implement the work of a thousand chemical, mechanical, mining, and civil engineers, geologists, and other scientists working for 15 to 20 companies. Climate problems add to the material problems of having to mine, process by extraction and/or retorting, and then replace ten times as much solids as products. The oil shales are in an almost barren semidesert and the tar sands are in a very wet (in summer) area within 10° of the Arctic Zone. 

European diesel fuel specifications (EN 590 Standard). Requirements for "arctic" climatic zones. 

Malaria affects an estimated 270 million people and causes 2—3 million deaths annually, approximately one million of which occur in children under the age of five. While primarily an affliction of the tropics and subtropics, it has occurred as far north as the Arctic Circle. The disease essentially has been eradicated in most temperate-zone countries, but some 1100 cases of malaria in U.S. citizens returning from abroad were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during 1990. Malaria is seen today in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. It is on the increase in Afghanistan, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Escalation of the disease is because of the discontinued use of the insecticide DDT which effectively kills mosquito larvae, but has been found to be toxic to Hvestock and wildlife. Also, chloroquine (6), a reUable dmg for the prophylaxis and treatment of falcipamm malaria, is ineffective in many parts of the world because of the spread of dmg-resistant strains. 

Ice scouring of the intertidal zone in arctic waters makes this virtually sterile. This was noted more than 170 years ago by Keilhau (1831)—so that attention was directed to components of the subtidal zone to which little attention had previously been directed, and which was expected to be particularly sensitive to oil spills. Changes in the components of the macrobenthos including infauna, epibenthos, and macroalgae were examined, and attention was also directed to the histopathological and biochemical responses of bivalve molluscs that were affected in different ways by exposure to the dispersed and the undispersed oil. 

SimpleBox is a nested multimedia environmental fate model in which the environmental compartments are represented by homogeneous boxes. It consists of five spatial scales a regional scale, a continental scale and a global scale consisting of three parts, reflecting arctic, moderate and tropic geographic zones (Fig. 5)... 

The EUSES environment is represented as a set of nested scales. The local scale is nested into the regional scale which is nested in the continental scale. The continental scale is nested into the moderate climate zone, which has two adjacent zones, an arctic and a tropic zone, respectively. All the scales are divided into boxes (environmental compartments). The boxes of all scales include at least air, soil, water, and sediment compartments. 

The tundra zone and corresponding tundra ecosystems occupy the northernmost strip of the continental area of Eurasia and North America bathed by the seas of the Arctic basin. The climate conditions of the tundra zone provide for a higher productivity of ecosystems and higher activity of biogeochemical cycles of various elements as compared with the Arctic ecosystems. The mosses, lichens, and herbaceous plant species are predominant in the northern part of the Tundra ecosystems and shrubs are prevalent in the southern part. 

Arctic fjords have been classified into categories of comparatively clean, contaminated, heavily contaminated, and potentially contaminated. Contaminated areas include, for instance, Kola Gulf and, probably, all the fjords of the northern Kola Peninsula west of Murmansk. The content of radionuclides in phytobenthos, in the coastal zone east of Murmansk, is low. Evidently, there has not recently been any serious radionuclide penetration into this area. The low gamma-nuclide level (1 Bq/kg-3 Bq/kg) is typical for the zoobenthos of the Barents Sea. This is also true for the Kara Sea. 

The impact of all the sources of radioactivity in the zone of the Arctic coast on the local population has not been assessed reliably enough. It was particularly difficult to separate the natural and anthropogenic components of such an impact. Aibulatov (2000) discussed future research into Russian Arctic radioactive pollution, including... 

Over some territories of the Arctic, vegetation cover has been violated the areas and productivity of reindeer pasture have been reduced. The hydrological regime of Arctic rivers has markedly changed, too. Pollutants are taken with river run-olf to the coastal zones of the northern Russia, which influences the functioning of Arctic Basin... 

First of all, all violations of land cover, landfill sites, polluted territories, routes taken by oil and gas pipelines, sources (known and hypothetical) of pollutants of soil, water, and atmosphere, zones of flooding as a result of anthropogenic activity should be brought to light and included in databases. Estimates of some parameters of the systems of the Arctic Basin are given in Tables 6.3 through 6.5. 

As a basic scheme for the flow of nutrients in water, the scheme proposed by Krapivin (1996) is accepted, as adjusted to conditions in the Arctic Basin by Legendre and Legendre (1998). It is supposed that the spatial distribution of upwelling zones is given with seasonal variations. Block NUM realizes this scheme regarding the current structure of upwelling regions. 

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