Animal feed supplements

Hard-burned magnesias may be used in a variety of appHcations such as ceramics (qv), animal feed supplements, acid neutralization, wastewater treatment, leather (qv) tanning, magnesium phosphate cements, magnesium compound manufacturing, fertilizer, or as a raw material for fused magnesia. A patented process has introduced this material as a cation adsorbent for metals removal in wastewater treatment (132). 

Future Uses. The most recent uses for methanol can be found in the agricultural sector. Test studies are being carried out where methanol is sprayed directly onto crops to improve plant growth. Methanol can be used as a carbon source for the production of single-cell protein (SCP) for use as an animal feed supplement. The process has been commercially demonstrated by ICl at their BiUingham, U.K., faciUty. However, the production of SCP is not commercially practical at this time, in comparison to more conventional protein sources. 

Wet Process. Over 90% of the phosphoric acid produced, both in the United States and worldwide, is wet-process phosphoric acid used almost exclusively for agricultural appHcation as both fertilizers and animal feed supplements. Although constituting a small proportion of the total wet-acid production, a significant amount of phosphoric acid for food and technical appHcations is made by purification of wet-process acid. 

Uses. The principal use of monosodium phosphate is as a water-soluble soHd acid and pH buffer, primarily in acid-type cleaners. The double salt, NaH2P04 H PO, referred to as hemisodium orthophosphate or sodium hemiphosphate, is often generated in situ from monosodium phosphate and phosphoric acid in these types of formulations. Mixtures of mono- and disodium phosphates are used in textile processing, food manufacture, and other industries to control pH at 4—9. Monosodium phosphate is also used in boiler-water treatment, as a precipitant for polyvalent metal ions, and as an animal-feed supplement. 

Veterinary Applications. Another use for antibiotics is for veterinary appHcations and for animal feed supplements to promote growth in Hvestock (see Feeds and feed additives). Feed antibiotics used in the United States far surpass all other agricultural appHcations in terms of kilogram quantities used and approach quantities used in human medicines (25). In 1980 the USA feed antibiotic usage was estimated to be between five and six million kg. The U.S. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that feed additives save the U.S. consumer approximately 3500 million per year in meat prices, and antibiotic use accounts for most of this. 

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

The chemistry of organic sulfur compounds is very rich and organosulfur compounds are incorporated into many molecules. Thiols, or mercaptans as they were originally called, are essential as feedstocks in the manufacture of many types of mbber (qv) and plastics (qv). They are utilized as intermediates in agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals (qv), ia flavors and fragrances, and as animal feed supplements. Many reviews have been undertaken on the chemistry of the thiols, regarding both their preparation and their reactions (1 7). 

The most widely available yeast biomass is a by-product of the brewing industry, where the multiplication of yeast during brewing results in a surplus of ceUs. Eor every barrel (117 L) of beer brewed, 0.2—0.3 kg of yeast soHds may be recovered. In the U.S., a substantial fraction is recovered and made available about 40 x 10 kg of brewers yeast aimually. The yeast is recovered from beer by centrifuging and dried on roUer dmms or spray dryers and sold as animal feed or a pet-food supplement. It can be debittered by alkaline extraction to remove the bitter hop residues, and is then sold mainly by the health-food industry. It is available as tablets, powder, or flakes and is often fortified with additional vitamins. Distillers yeast caimot be readily separated from the fermented mash and the mixture is sold as an animal feed supplement. 

A primary use for iodine is as a catalyst in the production of acetic acid (qv) (39). Iodine is converted to compounds used in mbber, stabilizers, animal feed supplements, colorants, pharmaceuticals, sanitary products, and photographic products. 

The mixture of D and L optical forms of this hydroxy analogue of methionine is converted to the calcium salt which is used in animal feed supplements. Cyanohydrins react with ammonium carbonate to form hydantoins (2), which yield amino acids upon hydrolysis. Commercial DL-methionine [59-57-8] is produced by hydrolysis of the hydantoin of 3-meth5ithiopropionaldehyde [3268-49-3]. 

Production costs for biodiesel from soybean oil exceeds 2.00 per gal ( 0.53 per 1), compared to 0.55 to 0.65 per gal ( 0.15 to 0.17 per 1) for conventional diesel. The main cost in biodiesel is in the raw material. It takes about 7.7 lb (3.5 kg) of soybean oil valued at about 0.25 per lb (0.36 per kg) to make 1 gal (3.81) of biodiesel. Waste oils, valued at 1 per gal ( 3.79 per 1) or less, have the potential to provide low feedstock cost. However, much waste oil" is currently collected, reprocessed as yellow and white greases, and used for industrial purposes and as an animal feed supplement. Production of biodiesel... 

During cheese making, the coagulated milk or curd is used to make cheese while the supernatant whey is a waste product rich in salts, proteins, and lactose. Whey concentration and desalting by UF produce a retentate product that can be used as an animal feed supplement or food additive. The MMV process (Maubois et al., French Patent 2,052,121) involves concentrating the milk by UF after centrifugation to remove the cream and before coagulation to improve yields and reduce disposal costs. 

Separate filtration of mycelium, drying and recovery of fermentation broth and mycelium for use as animal feed supplements. 

Phosphoric acid is used as an intermediate in the production of animal feed supplements, water treatment chemicals, metal surface treatments, etching agent, and personal care products such as toothpaste. It is used as a catalyst in the petroleum and polymer industry. Phosphoric acid is used in food as a preservative, an acidulant, and flavor enhancer it acidifies carbonated drinks such as Coca Cola and Pepsi, giving them a tangy flavor. Phosphoric acid is used as a rust remover and metal cleaner. Naval Jelly is approximately 25% phosphoric acid. Other uses for phosphoric acid include opacity control in glass production, textile dyeing, rubber latex coagulation, and dental cements. 

Antibiotics are used as antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, antituberculin agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, and in veterinary products and animal feed supplements for growth promotion. 

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin Bl2) Propionibacterium shermanii. Pseudomonas dentrificans Food and animal feed supplement... 

The process is configured as a series of three stirred-tank reactors with the substrate 3-cyanopyridine continuously fed at 10-20 wt.% concentration and the biocatalyst flowing countercurrently. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields the desired nicotinamide at > 99.3% selectivity, in contrast to the chemical alkaline hydrolysis process which results in about 3-5% nicotinic acid, an undesirable by-product because it causes diarrhea in farm animals (instead of supporting growth for animal feed supplements, see Chapter 6, Section 6.4). Thus, the enzymatic process competes well with the chemical hydrolysis. 

In recent years HPLC procedures have evolved as the methods of choice for the analysis of vitamin Do in bulk drug (32,33,53-61), pharmaceutical preparations (52-73), fortified milk (74-82), animal feed supplements (83-89), margarine (79), infant formulae (79), cod liver oil (90-93), and chicken egg (96). It may be pointed out that these reports represent the latest in the state-of-the-art in the HPLC analyses of vitamins Dg and D3. In spite of the intensive effort by a number of investigators and a few collaborative studies, there is no consensus on widely acceptable HPLC methods for vitamin D analysis in the bulk drug, pharmaceutical preparations, and fortified milk. 

Acceptance of DDG and DDGS products as animal feed supplements is limited by the variable "quality" of DDG and DDGS among ethanol plants and the relatively low crude protein content (4). This variability is caused by differing amounts of residual starch and crude protein in DG products. Crude protein content depends in part on preserving protein during the drying step. A study conducted by the Department of Animal... 

Nitrogen products are among the most important chemicals produced in the world today. The largest quantities are used as fertilizers, but nitrogen products also find very important uses in the manufacture of nylon and acrylic fibers, methacrylate and other plastics, foamed insulation and plastics, metal plating, gold mining, animal feed supplements, herbicides, and many pharmaceuticals. 

Defluorinated Phosphate Rock. There is substantial production of defluorinated phosphate rock for fertilizer use in Japan (about 100,000 mt/year). Ground, high-grade rock is mixed with small proportions of sodium carbonate or sulfate and wet-process acid. The mixture is calcined at a temperature of 1350°C in an oil-fired rotary kiln 45.0 m in length and 2.7 m in diameter. The product contains 38-42 percent P205 of which more than 90 percent is soluble in neutral ammonium nitrate solution and is an effective fertilizer on acid soils. During the production of defluorinated phosphate rock, substantially all fluorine is driven off. Sodium bifluoride (NaHF2) is recovered as a byproduct. A similar product is made in the United States, but it is mainly used for animal feed supplement. 

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