European specification

Note that the RVP is a relative pressure that is a difference compared to the atmospheric pressure. The RVPs for gasolines are generally between 350 and 1000 millibar. The level corresponding to European specifications are shown in Table 5.6 the fuel must be simultaneously within minimum and maximum limits, identical for each type of fuel, gasoline and premium, but... 

The necessity of carrying out injection at high pressure and the atomization into fine droplets using an injector imposes very precise volatility characteristics for the diesel fuel. French and European specifications have established two criteria for minimum and maximum volatility therefore, the distilled fraction in volume % should be ... 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

Regarding product characteristics, European specifications were established in 1992. They concern mainly the motor octane number (MON) that limits the olefin content and which should be higher than 89, and the vapor pressure, tied to the C3/C4 ratio which should be less than 1550 mbar at 40°C (ISO 4256). On the other hand, to ensure easy vehicle start-ups, a minimum vapor pressure for winter has been set which is different for each country and depends on climatic conditions. Four classes. A, B, C, and D, are thus defined in Europe with a minimum vapor pressure of 250 mbar, respectively, at -10°C (A), -5 C (B), 0°C (C) and -t-10°C (Z)). France has chosen class A. 

The European specification for unleaded gasoline has set a minimum induction period of 360 minutes. 

Table 9. U.S., British, Japanese, and European Specifications for Purity ...

Biodiesel from reactor 1 Biodiesel from reactor 2 European specification... 

Recently, two processes for biodiesel production from crude tall oil have been proposed [48, 49]. They rely on the use of a homogeneous acid catalyst or of an acyl halide for the esterification reaction, but no information was given on the properties of the fuel obtained, particularly concerning the oxidative stability and conformity with European specification EN 14214 2003 for IV. 

The national allowable total analytical error, TEa is 6%. According to the European specifications for inaccuracy, the respective allowable bias is maximally 4.2% [15, 16], Table 2 shows the relative biases calculated from the PT results according to the Marchandise equa-... 

Please allow me to interject here that changes in diesel or gasoline fuel quality in the recent past, pressures on refiners resulting in more secondary processing, reduction of lead in leaded gasoline, the introduction of unleaded gasoline and the introduction of three-way catalyst systems - all mean that a pan-European specification for both fuels is both timely and appropriate. 

Carbon and Carbon-Manganese Steel Pipe. Tables 23 through 26 list United States and European specifications for seamless and welded carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipe. Each table is intended to contain material that is equivalent in tensile strength and similar in over-all characteristics. 

Table 1.10 Principles of classification of soil in accordance with the european specification ...

The cumulative percentage with the corresponding sieve is plotted on graph paper and hence the aggregate gradation is obtained. The European specification suggests that both axes be linear, unlike the American specification that requires the x-axis to be logarithmic. 

More information, as well as a calculation example, is presented in CEN EN 933-3 (2012). The Flakiness Index value determined in accordance with the European specification differs from the one determined by BS 812-Part 105, which was used in the past by many countries. Thus, care must be taken to the limiting values that may have been set. 

A European specification is going to be developed for multigrade bitumen (prEN 13924-2 under approval). 

Performance-related specifications do not exist in European specifications. A position paper by Eurobitume has made proposals towards performance-related specification framework (Eurobitume 2012). 

This chapter considers all types of hot asphalts specified by European and American standards. Throughout the text, more often the term asphalt rather than bituminous mixture will be used, as adopted by European specifications. Additionally, the adjective hot will also not be used since this chapter refers only to hot asphalts. 

Additionally, unlike the European specification CEN EN 13108-1 (2008), the compaction of the specimens under the Superpave design methodology is restricted to gyratory compaction only. This is a positive step since it simulates better the compaction carried out on site and eliminates variations on the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures attributed to type of compaction. 

BBUM mixtures remain proprietary mixtures and thus are not covered by European specifications. 

However, the variety of WMA additives/systems certainly needs to be addressed in a future specification regarding the batching, mixing, conditioning and compaction of the WMA mixture. The required additions/modifications could easily be implemented in Appendices or Annexes to the current HMA specifications. It is believed that the expected revision of the European specification for hot asphalts in 2015 will include WMA or HWMA mixtures. Such a proposal has already been made and carried out by NCHRP Report 691 (2011) for the AASHTO R 35 (2012) specification. 

In the European specifications, the thermal cracking issue of the bituminous mixtures has not yet been addressed. 

Requirements of unbound aggregate mixtures according to European specifications... 

According to European specifications for WIM systems in COST 323 (1997) (Jacob et al. 2002), the longitudinal slope should be less than 1% for the class I site or less than 2% for other class sites in the road section between 50 m ahead of and 25 m beyond the system. Similarly, at all class sites, the transverse slope should be less than 3% and the radius of curvature should be greater than 1000 m. However, in all cases, it is preferable to place the system in a straight road segment. 

The European specification ENV197-1 permits an addition of maximrrm 5 wl% of limestone in Portland cement. A Portland limestone cement may contain up to 20 wt% (notation II/A-L) or even up to 35 wt% (notation II/B-L) of limestone. No addition of limestone is permitted in the American standards (Cl50-95 and C595M-95). 

Taking into account the current safe level of BPA and the European Specific Migration Limit (SML) which is set at 0.6 mg/kg food, it seems to be comprehensible why the BPA-derived polymers are still authorized for food contact applications by regulatory bodies over the world. However, some countries (i.e., Canada since March 2010 and Denmark since May 2010) have decided to restrict the use of BPA-based materials in food contact products for small children (ages 0-3). 

The production of middle distillates from natural gas has a low environmental impact. Off-gases of the various process units are used inside the plant for utility generation e.g. to fire the SMR. Flue gases leaving the plant are free of SOj and low in NOJ and fulfil the stringent European specifications. 

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