Solvent refined coal SRC

Solvent Refined Coal Process. Work ia the mid-1960s by the Speacer Chemical Co. (9) and dating the 1970s by the Gulf Chemical Corp. led to two solvent refined coal (SRC) processiag schemes SRC-I for productioa of low ash soHd boiler fuels and SRC-II for distillates, eg, "syn-cmde."... 

Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) This processing concept was initiated by the Pittsburgh Midway Coal Mining Co. in the early 1960s. The SRC-I process operating mode is designed to produce a solid fuel for utility applications. Typical operating conditions and product yields for SRC-I are shown in Table 27-14. 

This chapter reports results of a similar study to determine the feasibility of converting solvent refined coal (SRC) to transportation fuels. The next chapter discusses upgrading of H-Coal process products. 

One of the objectives of this work was to determine the effect of higher reactor pressure and space velocity on conversion and product quality. Heretofore, only temperature had been used to adjust or maintain conversion and product quality. Two different coal extract types were used in this study - namely, whole filter feeds obtained from Wilsonville short contact time coal extract (SCT) operations (Wilsonville run numbers 145 and 146 with 287 and 580 pounds of Indiana V coal feed per hour, respectively), and a conventional solvent refined coal (SRC-I)/ Koppers heavy residue creosote oil (KC-Oil) feed blend. The SRC-I was obtained from the Fort Lewis, Washington SRC-I facility... 

Hydroprocessing of Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-I) Extract , presented at Fifth International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction, and Conversion to Electricity, Pittsburgh, PA, August, 1978. 

After a specified reaction time, a gas sample was taken the autoclave was cooled to below 100°C and the reaction products were collected. The filtered liquid product was vacuum distilled under <1.0 mm Hg pressure to recover the process solvent added prior to the reaction. The 270°C + fraction obtained by vacuum distillation was defined as the solvent refined coal (SRC). A sulfur analysis was performed on each fraction. 

The Library of Congress study has these comments on synthetic oil and gas from coal. "For the past several years, there has been renewed interest in converting coal, which is so plentiful, into liquid and gaseous fuels which are not plentiful from domestic sources. The major products under consideration are solvent refined coal (SRC), oil from coal, synthetic natural gas, and medium- and low-Btu gases. The Department of Energy (and its predecessor agency, ERDA), many parts of the Congress and a number of private interests have been involved."... 

Tao, J. C., Malhotra, R. K., Sukel, T. M., Foster, E. P., and Morris, S. M. Solvent Refined Coal (SRC I) Technology, Product Markets, and Economics presented at Third International Coal Utilization Exhibition and Conference ... 

Filby, R. H. Shah, K. R. Hunt, M. L. Khalil, S. R. Sautter, C. A. "Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) Process Trace Elements" Washington State University, Nuclear Radiation Center, Pullman, WA, Mar 1978, DOE Report FE/496-T17. 

McRanie, R. D., Full-Scale Utility Boiler Test with Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) - Final Report, FE-2222-9, July, 1979. 

This chapter reports results of applying a catalytic hydrorefining process to four coal liquids solvent-refined coal (SRC) process filter feed, SRC extract product, Synthoil, and H-Coal process hydroclone underflow. The achieved upgrading is evaluated in terms of reduction in benzene and heptane insolubles, reduction in sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, an increase in hydrogen content, and a yield of lower boiling products. 

Touring the period June, 1975 to October, 1977 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. studied the catalytic hydroprocessing of solvent-refined coal (SRC) products. This work was sponsored by the United States Energy Research and Development Administration under a contract entitled The Chemical Characterization, Handling, and Refining of Solvent-Refined Coal to Liquid Fuels. Results from that study are the subject of this presentation. The final report recently was issued as FE2003-27, September 1977, available through NTIS. 

SRC II (Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) II, Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Co.)—hydroliquefaction of coal with slurry recycle, 25.3 wt % on dry Western Kentucky coal, < 10 cP 850°F endpoint. 

Experience with the development of the solvent-refined coal (SRC) process had suggested that raw anthracene oil was a suitable coal liquid for initial catalyst studies hence some data were obtained using this type of oil. A filtered oil obtained from the COED process developed by FMC Corporation also was used in these studies. The properties of these two oils are given in Table I. The total nitrogen concentration in the raw anthracene feed oil was 0.97 wt % and the FMC oil contained 1.13 wt % nitrogen. Both liquids contained negligible quantities of ash materials. 

Several processes have been developed for coal liquefaction. Large-scale pilot plants have been in operation for the solvent-refining coal (SRC) process, and a pilot plant is being constructed for the H-Coal process, which is a direct catalytic process. Construction of demonstration plants is under consideration. The coal liquids produced from the current processes contain large amounts of residual fuels. They probably will be used initially as boiler fuels for stationary power plants. However, the nitrogen content of coal liquids is much higher than the petroleum residual fuels. The sulfur contents of coal liquids can vary considerably they depend on the type of coal and the liquefaction process used. Current coal liquefaction processes are capable of produc-... 

Coke is produced when organic matter is heated to 400-600°C, essentially in the absence of air. The organic matter used for anode binder coke has come primarily from coal tar, with minor amounts from petroleum residues. In contrast, filler coke is produced almost entirely from petroleum, with minor amounts from coal-tar pitch. Also in recent years, solvent-refined coal (SRC) filler coke has been found to produce high quality anode carbon. 

The solvent-refined coal (SRC) reactor is normally operated at 850 °F and 2,000 lbf in 2 pressure. Creosote oil is used as solvent In a typical operation, coal particles of approximately 74 jum diameter with a solvent/coal ratio of 2 are used. The slurry is passed through a 2.5-in-i.d., 4-ft-tall reactor. Assuming that coal specific gravity = 1.35, oil specific gravity = 0.9, surface tension of oil under reaction conditions = 5 dyne cm" , viscosity of oil under reaction conditions = 0.7 cP, static slurry height in bed =10 cm, surface tension of liquid (surface tension of water (ow) = 72 dyne cm -... 

Solvent-Refined Coal. The solvent-refined coal (SRC 1) process (40) produces a low-sulfur, low-ash solid fuel from coal. Through the courtesy of L. Taylor, samples of SRC produced from five different feed coals were made available to us for ESR studies. Each of the five samples gave a strong ESR resonance near g=2 g values and spectral line widths are summarized in Table II. The g value and line width data, viewed collectively, suggest the presence of organic free radicals, with only minor interaction (except possibly for the Monterey sample) between the unpaired electrons and heteroatoms in the samples. 

It is well known that pitch, solvent-refined coal (SRC), and coking coal produce various kinds of mesophase at the early stages of carbonization (3y 4y 5). The mechanisms of many chemical reactions and physical transformations relating to mesophase formation are studied by quenching techniques. Such research techniques as polarized-light microscopy can be extremely fruitful. On the other hand, observation of phenomena at reaction temperatures may yield more easily interpretable or more relevant results. 

Solvent-refined coal (SRC) as a de-ashed, low sulfur fuel for electric utilities is discussed from the standpoint of economics. The overall lowest delivered cost of SRC results from processing at minehead sites because of minimized transportation costs of the ash and sulfur fractions that are eventually removed by the processing. A potential market of 300-800 rnUlion tons per year of SRC by 1990 is projected on the basis of the competitive price of delivered Btus from low sulfur fossil fuels and synthetic fuels at the various power-generating sites in the U. S. SRC can be supplied in either a liquid or solid form therefore it is a potentially versatile competitor for the low sulfur, fossil-fuel power generation market. 

The solvent-refined coal (SRC) processes were originally developed to produce cleaner boiler fuels from coal. A 0.5t/day plant was built in 1965 and scaled up in 1974 into two separate pilot plants located at Wilsonville (SRC-I, 6t/day) and Fort Lewis, WA (SRC-I, 50t/day). The Fort Lewis plant was later converted to an SRC-II unit. Due to the more severe conditions required for SRC-II, the capacity was downgraded to about 25 t/day. The objective of the SRC-II process was to produce distillate products. Detailed designs for large-scale plant were subsequently prepared, although these plants were not built. The Wilsonville plant continued to be funded... 

Tomlinson, G., Gray, D., and Neuworth, M., "Effect of Coal Rank on Direct Coal Liquefaction Processes Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-II) Process Experience," The MITRE Corp., 84W00308, July 1984. 

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