Petroleum residues

Characterization of Heavy Crude Oils and Petroleum Residues. Caracterisation des huiles lourdes et des residus petroliers. Symposium international, Lyon, 1984. 

M. R. Gray, Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heay Oils, M tcelHeTket, Inc., New York, 1994. 

Coke Coke is the solid, cellular, infusible material remaining after the carbonization of coal, pitch, petroleum residues, and certain other carbonaceous materials. The varieties of coke generally are identified by prefixing a word to indicate the source, if other than coal, (e.g., petroleum coke) or the process by which a coke is manufactured (e.g., oven coke). 

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Carbon black dominates as black pigment. It is a petrochemical made from natural gas or petroleum residues by incomplete combustion - cooking to split the hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon. Its primary use is in compounding rubber for making tires of which an average passenger... 

Clean sodium (0.19 g), free of paraffin or petroleum residues, is dissolved in deuterium oxide (1.2 ml) and Raney nickel alloy (0.25 g) is added in small portions over 8 min while maintaining the temperature at about 50°. When the addition is complete, the supernatant is poured off and the catalyst is washed by decantation with deuterium oxide (3x2 ml) followed by methanol-OD (2x1 ml). The catalyst should be prepared fresh as needed and the preparation carried out as rapidly as possible. 

Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray Methanol Production and Use, edited by Wu-Hsun Cheng and Harold H. Kung... 

Erdbl-industrie, /. petroleum (or oil) industry, -lager, n. petroleum deposit, -riickstand, m. petroleum residue. 

Vanadium and nickel are poisons to many catalysts and should be reduced to very low levels. Most of the vanadium and nickel compounds are concentrated in the heavy residues. Solvent extraction processes are used to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in petroleum residues. 

Another approach used to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals in petroleum residues is metal passivation. In this process an oil-soluble treating agent containing antimony is used that deposits on the catalyst surface in competition with contaminant metals, thus reducing the catalytic activity of these metals in promoting coke and gas formation. Metal passivation is especially important in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. Additives that improve FCC processes were found to increase catalyst life and improve the yield and quality of products. ... 

A higher steam/hydrocarhon ratio favors olefin formation. Steam reduces the partial pressure of the hydrocarbon mixture and increases the yield of olefins. Heavier hydrocarbon feeds require more steam than gaseous feeds to additionally reduce coke deposition in the furnace tubes. Liquid feeds such as gas oils and petroleum residues have complex polynuclear aromatic compounds, which are coke precursors. Steam to hydrocarbon weight ratios range between 0.2-1 for ethane and approximately 1-1.2 for liquid feeds. 

There are different sources for obtaining synthesis gas. It can be produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of any hydrocarbon ranging from natural gas (methane) to heavy petroleum residues. It can also... 

Cooke (Ref 5) defines Oxyliquit as a blasting expl formed by rapidly mixing liquid air, rich in oxygen, with powdered charcoal, petroleum residues, or cotton wool... 

The average crustal abundance of molybdenum is 1 to 2 parts per million. It occurs most readily in conjunction with silica - as the silica content in the igneous rocks goes up, so does the quantity of molybdenum. It is sometimes also found associated with uranium, as well as with coals and petroleum residues. In its host rock, molybdenum tends to occur in thin, tabular, and hexagonal plate forms, or simply as fine specks. 

Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray... 

Coupled LC-LC can separate high-boiling petroleum residues into groups of saturates, olefins, aromatics and polar compounds. However, the lack of a suitable mass-sensitive, universal detector in LC makes quantitation difficult SFC-SFC is more suitable for this purpose. Applications of multidimensional HPLC in food analysis are dominated by off-line techniques. MDHPLC has been exploited in trace component analysis (e.g. vitamin assays), in which an adequate separation for quantitation cannot be achieved on a single column [972]. LC-LC-GC-FID was used for the selective isolation of some key components among the irradiation-induced olefinic degradation products in food, e.g. dienes and trienes [946],... 

A mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, principally methane, which issues from the earth in certain areas, particularly near petroleum wells. Natural gas was the main source of carbon black until some 50 years ago when it was found more economic to use the gas for heating and produce carbon black from petroleum residues by the more efficient furnace process. 

Van Duuren [37] examined the use of emission and excitation spectra in the identification of aromatic hyorocarbons. Contour diagrams of fluorescence activity at various excitation and emission wavelengths have been used as a means of identifying petroleum residues. 

ARDS A process for upgrading petroleum residues by catalytic hydrogenation. 

FERROSEP A magnetic process for removing iron contaminants from petroleum residues before desulfurization. Developed by Nippon Oil Company and Nippon Petroleum Refining... 

Gulf HDS A process for hydrorefining and hydrocracking petroleum residues in order to make fuels and feeds for catalytic cracking. Developed by the Gulf Research Development Company. See also hydrodesulfurization. 

Gulf Resid A process for desulfurizing petroleum residues, developed by Gulf Oil Corporation. 

HDH (2) [Hydrocracking-distillation-hydrotreatment] A process for hydiotreating and hydroconverting petroleum residues. 

HFC [Hydrocracking with fine catalyst] A Japanese process for hydrotreating and hydroconverting petroleum residues. 

HYVAHL A hydrotreating process for upgrading petroleum residues. Developed by the Institut Frangais du Petrole. Three units were operating in 1996. See also TERVAHL. 

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