Natural gas , synthetic

Synthetic lubricants Synthetic marble Synthetic membranes Synthetic methanol Synthetic musk Synthetic natural gas... 

With all components in the ideal gas state, the standard enthalpy of the process is exothermic by —165 kJ (—39.4 kcal) per mole of methane formed. Biomass can serve as the original source of hydrogen, which then effectively acts as an energy carrier from the biomass to carbon dioxide, to produce substitute (or synthetic) natural gas (SNG) (see Euels, synthetic). 

Substitute or synthetic natural gas (SNG) has been known for several centuries. When SNG was first discovered, natural gas was largely unknown as a fuel and was more a religious phenomenon (see Gas, NATURAL) (1). Coal (qv) was the first significant source of substitute natural gas and in the early stages of SNG production the product was more commonly known under variations of the name coal gas (2,3). Whereas coal continues to be a principal source of substitute natural gas (4) a more recendy recognized source is petroleum (qv) (5). 

High Heat- Value Gas. High heat-value (high Btu) gas (7) has a heating value usually in excess of 33.5 MJ/m (900 Btu/fT). This is the gaseous fuel that is often referred to as substitute or synthetic natural gas (SNG), or pipeline-quaHty gas. It consists predominantiy of methane and is compatible with natural gas insofar as it may be mixed with, or substituted for, natural gas. 

The processes that have been developed for the production of synthetic natural gas are often configured to produce as much methane in the gasification step as possible thereby minimizing the need for a methanation step. In addition, methane formation is highly exothermic which contributes to process efficiency by the production of heat in the gasifier, where the heat can be used for the endothermic steam—carbon reaction to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 

Cmde gas leaves from the top of the gasifier at 288—593°C depending on the type of coal used. The composition of gas also depends on the type of coal and is notable for the relatively high methane content when contrasted to gases produced at lower pressures or higher temperatures. These gas products can be used as produced for electric power production or can be treated to remove carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to provide synthesis gas for ammonia, methanol, and synthetic oil production. The gas is made suitable for methanation, to produce synthetic natural gas, by a partial shift and carbon dioxide and sulfur removal. 

The basic chemical premise involved in making synthetic natural gas from heavier feedstocks is the addition of hydrogen to the oil ... 

As in the case of coal, synthetic natural gas can be produced from heavy oil by partially oxidizing the oil to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen... 

Oil Shale. Oil shale (qv) is a sedimentary rock that contains organic matter, referred to as kerogen, and another natural resource of some consequence that could be exploited as a source of synthetic natural gas (67—69). However, as of this writing, oil shale has found Htde use as a source of substitute natural gas. 

Partial oxidation of coal to form either synthetic fuel, syngas, or synthetic natural gas represents a potential use of oxygen (see Fuels, synthetic). 

The methanation reaction is currently used to remove the last traces (<1%) of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from hydrogen to prevent poisoning of catalysts employed for subsequent hydrogenation reactions. Processes for conversion of synthesis gas containing large quantities of carbon monoxide (up to 25%) into synthetic natural gas have been investigated to serve plants based on coal-suppHed synthesis gas. 

Whereas near-term appHcation of coal gasification is expected to be in the production of electricity through combined cycle power generation systems, longer term appHcations show considerable potential for producing chemicals from coal using syngas chemistry (45). Products could include ammonia, methanol, synthetic natural gas, and conventional transportation fuels. 

Synthetic Natural Gas. Another potentially very large appHcation of coal gasification is the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG). The syngas produced from coal gasification is shifted to produce a H2-to-CO ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The carbon dioxide produced during shifting is removed, and CO and H2 react to produce methane (CH, or SNG, and water in a methanation reactor. 

Development of Methanation Catalysts for the Synthetic Natural Gas Processes... 

Synthetic natural gas processes, development of methanation catalysts for the. 47... 

This technology uses C02 as a feed gas for the production of carbon products with Etogas methanation plant (Figure 20), which are reactor systems for conversion of H2 and C02 to methane (synthetic natural gas). The produced gas is DVGW- and DIN-compliant synthetic natural gas and can be used directly, e.g., as a fuel for a CNG vehicle. 

Gasynthan A process for making synthetic natural gas from naphtha by a two-stage steam reforming process. Developed by Lurgi and BASF in the 1960s. In 1975, over 30 units were operating. 

Synthetic metalworking fluids, 15 240,1 22 Synthetic/modified drying oils,. 9 148-152 Synthetic natural gas (SNG)... 

Unlike the SACS project and the In Salah project, the Weyburn project has combined the storage of C02 with EOR operations in the Weyburn oil field in Canada since 2000. The C02 for storage originates from a gasification plant in North Dakota (USA), where synthetic natural gas is produced from a lignite resource. The... 

SCO SCPC SD SEC SMR SNG SOFC SPE SRES SULEV SUV Synthetic crude oil Super-critical pulverised coal System dynamics US Securities and Exchange Commission Steam methane reformer Synthetic natural gas Solid-oxide fuel cell Society of Petroleum Engineers IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle Sport utility vehicle... 

Synthesis gas can easily be confused with the oxymoron synthetic natural gas, SNG. Both are sometimes called "syngas." But SNG is basically methane made from petroleum products, like naphtha or propane, or from coal. It s used as a substitute for or supplement to natural gas. 

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