Coal liquid

J. G. Sikonia, B. R. Shah, and M. A. Ulowet2, "Technical and Economic Assessment of Petroleum, Heavy OH, Shale Oil and Coal Liquid Refining," paper presented at Sjnfuels 3rd Worldwide Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1—3,1983. 

Albertsson (Paiiition of Cell Paiiicle.s and Macromolecules, 3d ed., Wiley, New York, 1986) has extensively used particle distribution to fractionate mixtures of biological products. In order to demonstrate the versatility of particle distribution, he has cited the example shown in Table 22-14. The feed mixture consisted of polystyrene particles, red blood cells, starch, and cellulose. Liquid-liquid particle distribution has also been studied by using mineral-matter particles (average diameter = 5.5 Im) extracted from a coal liquid as the solid in a xylene-water system [Prudich and Heniy, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 24(5), 788 (1978)]. By using surface-active agents in order to enhance the water wettability of the solid particles, recoveries of better than 95 percent of the particles to the water phase were obsei ved. All particles remained in the xylene when no surfactant was added. 

ITbe difference between the required selling price and the crude oil equivalent price represents the enhanced value of the coal liquids, due to their all-distiUate and low-beteroatom character. 

Benzene (CeHg) is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and by far the most widely used one. Before 1940, the main source of benzene and substituted benzene was coal tar. Currently, it is mainly obtained from catalytic reforming. Other sources are pyrolysis gasolines and coal liquids. 

However, cresylic acid is still obtained to a lesser extent from petroleum fractions, especially cracked gasolines, which contain higher percentages of phenols. It is also extracted from coal liquids. 

Cumene (isopropylhenzene), a liquid, is soluble in many organic solvents hut not in water. It is present in low concentrations in light refinery streams (such as reformates) and coal liquids. It may he obtained by distilling (cumene s B.P. is 152.7°C) these fractions. 

Yen, T. F. Structural Differences Between Asphaltenes Isolated from Petroleum and from Coal Liquid, Chemistry of Asphaltenes-, Bunger, J. W. Li, N. C., Eds. Advances in Chemistry Series No. 195 American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., 1981, p 39. 

The THF soluble conversion figures may be high however, since hot recycle solvent is probably a better solvent for coal liquids than THF and may have dissolved some material during the hot filtration which would be insouble in THF. 

Figure 3. Molecular weight vs. oxygen content for resins and polar asphaltenes in raw coal liquids ( Z ), regular SRC (O), H-coal (A), SCT-SRC.

Sternberg et al. (7) showed that the presence of asphaltenes in coal-derived oils caused a marked increase in the viscosity. This group also showed that these asphaltenes were acid-base complexes and that hydrogen bonding occurs between the acidic and basic components of asphaltenes (9, 10). Recent work (J3, 11) on coal liquefaction bottoms has shown the importance of hydrogen bonding on the viscosity of coal liquids. 

Jewell, D.M., Ruberto, R.G., Seshadri, K.S., "Transferable Hydrogen in Coal Liquids An Integrated Approach", presented at the 26th Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics", A.S.M.S., St. Louis, M0., May 28, 1978. 

Girgis, M. J., and Gates, B. C., Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Simulated Heavy Coal Liquids. 2. Reaction Networks of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sulfur and Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 1994. 33 pp. 2301-2313. 

Selected Properties of the Motor Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Refined from Fe-HTFT Syncrude and Coal Liquids at Sasol 2, Which Were Marketed as Final Products in South Africa in the 1980s... 

CCL [Catalytic coal liquids] A catalytic process developed by Gulf Oil Corporation. The main objective is the production of clean-burning liquid fuels for power plants. 

Dynaphen A process for converting mixed alkyl phenols (from coal liquids or lignin) to benzene, phenol, and fuel gas, by noncatalytic hydrogenation at high temperature. Developed and offered by Hydrocaibon Research. 

FLUID COKING A noncatalytic, thermal process for converting bitumen and coal liquids to lighter hydrocarbon fluids and gases. Developed by the Exxon Research Engineering Company and used commercially since 1954. See also FLEXICOKING. 

Catalytic Coal Liquid (CCL) process, 6 848 Catalytic coke yield, 11 705 Catalytic constant, 10 254 Catalytic converter(s), 10 31, 39 40 26 719. See also Three-way catalytic converter... 

A cogeneration system may use different fuels including natural gas, residual fuel oil, heating oil, diesel fuel and gasoline. Alternate fuel sources also include coal liquids or wood gas. 

The principle of donor hydrogen reaction with coal has been applied in various ways in processes for coal liquefaction. In one application, hydrogen donor solvent is generated from the coal itself. The solvent, usually a distillate fraction of the coal liquid product, is hydrogenated and recycled to the coal liquefaction reaction. 

Catalytic coal liquefaction processes do not specifically use hydrogen donor solvents although coal is introduced into the liquefaction reactor as a slurry in a recycle liquid stream. Catalyst is used as a powder or as granules such as pellets or extrudates. If powdered catalyst is used, it is mixed with the coal/liquid stream entering the reactor. Pelleted catalyst can be used in fixed bed reactors if precautions are taken to avoid plugging with solids or in fluidized bed reactors. In the latter case, the reacting system is actually a three phase fluidized bed, that is, catalyst particles and coal solids, as well as liquid, are fluidized by gas. 

Hydrogenation of coal is a highly exothermic reaction corresponding to a heat evolution of about 15 kilojoules per cubic metre of hydrogen reacted. Means must be provided to remove this heat from the reaction zone so that the reaction temperature can be maintained in the optimum range. This is usually accomplished by injecting coal liquid as quench into various sections of the reac tor. 

Hydrocracking, 30 48-52 behavior, thermal, 29 269 catalytic, 26 383 deethylation, 30 50 demethylation, 30 50 metallocarbene formation, 30 51-52 of f -decane, 35 332-333 primary coal liquids, 40 57 procedure, 40 66-67 product distribution, 30 49 reactions, over perovskites, 36 311 suppression by sulfur, 31 229 zeolite-supported catalysts, 39 181-188... 

Fuel Hydrogen for PAFC power plants will typically be produced from conversion of a wide variety of primary fuels such as CH4 (e.g., natural gas), petroleum products (e.g., naphtha), coal liquids (e.g., CH3OH) or coal gases. Besides H2, CO and CO2 are also produced during conversion of these fuels (unreacted hydrocarbons are also present). These reformed fuels contain low levels of CO (after steam reforming and shift conversion reactions in the fuel processor) which cause anode poisoning in PAFCs. The CO2 and unreacted hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4) are electrochemically inert and act as diluents. Because the anode reaction is nearly reversible, the fuel... 

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