Solubility rosin

Water-Based Inks. Approximately 50% of all flexographic inks use water as their primary solvent and diluent. They contain vehicles based on either acrylic emulsions, or hydrosols or an alkali-soluble rosin ester having a high acid number such as partially esterified fiimurated rosin and shellac. Carboxylated acrylic polymers, usually containing some styrene, have largely replaced natural resins because they provide better abrasion and water resistance. Ammonia or other volatile amines are used to solubilize these carboxylated resins and form resin salts. The volatile alkali evaporates from the ink film, rendering the printed matter water resistant. 

Impregnation and bulking involves replacing the waterlogging water and filling the cell wall and lumen and all cavities in the wood with an inert chemical to prevent drying stresses. The chemicals used have been the water-soluble alum, PEG, and sugars. Polar solvents have been soluble rosin, sodium silicate, tetraethoxy silicate (TEOS), wax, and resins. 

In a totally different area of application, casein adhesives for paper sizing, chipboard laminating, and label gluing are more nearly casein solutions [59,60]. They are simple dispersions with ammonia or borax at moderate pH and low viscosity. They are frequently combined with latexes or soluble rosin derivatives for special performance improvements [59]. 

Alcohol soluble rosin resin Pentalyn 830 Hercules 9.79 2.84 5.34 5.70... 

Brown hard varnish n. Spirit varnish prepared from shellac dissolved in industrial alcohol. Cheaper grades may consist of shellac-rosin mixtures, spirit manila, spirit manila-rosin mixtures, or alcohol soluble rosin-modified phenolic resin. 

Alcohol soluble rosin resin (Pentalyn 830, Hercules)... 

These rosin-based sizes, whether paste, Hquid, or emulsions, can be used to size all grades of paper that are produced at acid pH. The latter include bleached or unbleached kraft Hnerboard and bag paper, bleached printing and writing grades, and cylinder board. In addition, polyaluminum compounds have been used in place of alum, most notably, polyaluminum chloride (48), which can reduce barium deposits where these have been a problem. The barium chloride by-product is more water-soluble than barium sulfate. Other polyaluminum compounds such as polyhydroxylated forms of alum and polyaluminum siHcosulfate have been evaluated as alum replacements. 

Maleic acid and fumaric acid can also be, and are often, incorporated in alkyd resins in the form of the Diels-Alder adduct of rosin. The adducts are tribasic acids which provide pendent carboxyl groups in the resin molecules, which can be saponified to give ionic, and, in turn, water-soluble characteristics to the resin. However, the resultant alkyds often have poorer color retention, toughness, gloss retention, and exterior durabiUty. 

Tall oil rosin is a by-product of paper manufacturing. Raw wood chips are digested under heat and pressure with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. Soluble sodium salts of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids are formed, which are removed from the wood pulp as a dark solution. The soaps of the rosin and fatty acids float to the top of the mixture, where they are skimmed off and treated with sulfuric acid to free the rosin and fatty acids. This mixture, known as cmde tall oil (CTO), is refined further to remove color and odor bodies fractional distillation separates the tall oil rosin acids from the fatty acids (see Tall oil). 

Rosin is compatible with many materials because of its polar functionaUty, cycloaUphatic stmcture, and its low molecular weight. It has an acid number of ca 165 and a saponification number of ca 170. It is soluble in aUphatic, aromatic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as esters and ethers. Because of its solubiUty and compatibiUty characteristics, it is useful for modifying the properties of many polymers. 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

One important factor influencing the solubility of rosin derivatives is its tendency to crystallize. Initially, a rosin product may appear to be soluble in a given solvent, but on standing, the rosin will crystallize out of soluble solution. This tendency of rosin to ciystallize can be overcome by derivatization, mainly esterification. 

The viscous oil resin Is slurried twice with 250 cc portions of methanol to remove any unreacted primary amines. The oil residue after being washed with methanol is dissolved in ethyl alcohol and 75 cc of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise to the warm alcohol solution of the base. The dihydrochloride salts of the several hydroabietyl ethylenediamines precipitates immediately from solution. The salt is then separated by filtering and is washed twice with 100 cc portions of cooled ethyl alcohol. The dihydrochloride salts of the dehy-droabietyl, dihydroabietyl and tetrahydroabietyl ethylenediamine mixture have a melting point of about 292°C to 295°C. On subjecting the mixture to solubility analyses it Is found that the dehydroabietyl ethylenediamine is present in substantially the same proportion as is the dehydroabietylamine in the original "Rosin Amine D."... 

The current practice is to classify as oil varnishes all varnishes and paint media prepared from drying oils and natural or preformed oil-free synthetic resins. Examples of such resins are rosin, rosin-modified phenolics and oil-soluble 100% phenolics. The introduction of the resin results in improved drying and film properties. 

Most of the inhibitors in use are organic nitrogen compounds and these have been classified by Bregman as (a) aliphatic fatty acid derivatives, b) imidazolines, (c) quaternaries, (d) rosin derivatives (complex amine mixtures based on abietic acid) all of these will tend to have long-chain hydrocarbons, e.g. CigH, as part of the structure, (e) petroleum sulphonic acid salts of long-chain diamines (preferred to the diamines), (/) other salts of diamines and (g) fatty amides of aliphatic diamines. Actual compounds in use in classes (a) to d) include oleic and naphthenic acid salts of n-tallowpropylenediamine diamines RNH(CH2) NH2 in which R is a carbon chain of 8-22 atoms and x = 2-10 and reaction products of diamines with acids from the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons. Attention has also been drawn to polyethoxylated compounds in which the water solubility can be controlled by the amount of ethylene oxide added to the molecule. 

The specific influence of the rosin is suggested to happen due to an increased solubility of the sodium compound by micellization and to the formation of less stable mixed crystal-type lakes [2],... 

Diazotization of the aminosulfonic acid and subsequent coupling onto the sodium salt of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid initially affords the monoazo compound in the form of its soluble sodium salt. Subsequent reaction with chlorides or sulfates of alkaline earth metals or with a manganese salt, frequently in the presence of a dispersion agent, or rosin or its derivatives, at elevated temperature yields the insoluble BONA pigment lake. 

The head of a safety match consists of K chlorate 45-55, animal (hide) glue (as a binder) 9-11, sulfur or rosin 3-5, extender (starch, dextrin) 2-3, neutralizer (ZnO.or Ca carbonate) 45-55, infusorial earth 5-6 other siliceous filler 15-32%. Fractional percentages of a soluble burning rate catalyst, such as K di-chromate, also soluble dye stuffs, etc... 

Soluble cutting oils are mineral oils containing 10 to 50% emulsifiers such as sodium petroleum sulfonates, sodium naphthenates, or sodium rosinates. These compounds allow emulsification of 5 parts or less of the oil in 95 parts or more of water. The emulsion acts as a coolant and, to some extent, as a lubricant (11). 

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