Sulphonic acids Salts

Most of the inhibitors in use are organic nitrogen compounds and these have been classified by Bregman as (a) aliphatic fatty acid derivatives, b) imidazolines, (c) quaternaries, (d) rosin derivatives (complex amine mixtures based on abietic acid) all of these will tend to have long-chain hydrocarbons, e.g. CigH, as part of the structure, (e) petroleum sulphonic acid salts of long-chain diamines (preferred to the diamines), (/) other salts of diamines and (g) fatty amides of aliphatic diamines. Actual compounds in use in classes (a) to d) include oleic and naphthenic acid salts of n-tallowpropylenediamine diamines RNH(CH2) NH2 in which R is a carbon chain of 8-22 atoms and x = 2-10 and reaction products of diamines with acids from the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons. Attention has also been drawn to polyethoxylated compounds in which the water solubility can be controlled by the amount of ethylene oxide added to the molecule. 

Oxidation of methyl perfluoroalkyl sulphones with refluxing aqueous potassium permanganate produced the perfluorinated alkanesulphonic acid in 85% yield as the potassium salt (equation 86). On the other hand, attempted oxidation with sodium hypochlorite caused only chlorine substitution (equation 87). Reaction of the new sulphone with aqueous hydroxide gave the same perfluoroalkane sulphonic acid salt (equation 88). 

Marlon A Series Alkyl benzene sulphonic acid + salts... 

The solubility of the electrically conductive form, the protonated EM salt, is poor in common solvents, and so, initially, EM base was used to form films from NMP solution before conversion to the salt with HC1. Attempts to increase solubility by incorporating pendent alkyl chains were counterproductive as such polymers had significantly lower electrical conductivity. Better solubility is obtained for salts produced with sulphonic acids. Thus the camphor sulphonic acid salt dissolves in m-cresol and the 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulphonic acid salt dissolves in dichloro-acetic acid. The use of these systems, and polymer synthesised below room temperature, has facilitated the spinning of fibres with oriented polymer chains and conductivity along the fibre as high as 2x 105f2-Im-1 (Pomfret et ai, 1998). 

Recently a work has been reported on the treatment of red water with surfactants containing amino and quaternary ammonium groups which can form insoluble products with TNT (and probably with sulphonic acids salts formed in the course ofiheselliie process) 1751. 

A 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salt which is safer to store than the perchlorate is the sulphonic acid salt (22), which has been synthesized from isobutene and acetic anhydride. Pyrylium salts that carry acid or ester groups are becoming more common one of these has been synthesized in two steps, in... 

There have been many different approaches to their synthesis. Sulphonic acid salts (2), halides (3), esters (4) and amides (5) may be thought of as derivatives that are formed by reaction of the parent acid with bases, halogens, alcohols and amines respectively, although there are many other routes that have been taken to these compounds. 

Reaction of hydrogen sulphite ions with alkenes, in the presence of either oxygen or peroxides170-177, produces a reasonable yield of the sulphonic acid salt (equation 24), formed by anti-Markovnikov addition. Alkynes also undergo a similar reaction178, except in this case a disulphonate salt is formed (equation 25). 

The displacement of aromatic amino groups by sulphite, to form a sulphonic acid (or a sulphonate salt), gives rise to the genetic hazard of sulphites. Deamination or dehalogen-ation of the aromatic rings in nucleosides is a very facile reaction in which sulphonic acid salts are produced, either in vivo or in vitro192 199. For example, cytosine reacts with sodium sulphite to form the 6-sulphonate, by deamination, as shown in equation 28. 

Oxygen may be used to oxidize thiols to sulphonic acids upon sensitized irradiation, as shown in equation 36225,226. In addition, thiols and disulphides may be quantitatively oxidized to sulphonic acid salts, by oxygen in basic DMF or HMPA solution227,228. Thiols may also be converted into sulphonic acids by oxidation with a mixture of potassium persulphate, potassium hydrogen sulphate and potassium sulphate229. Thioacetates have been similarly oxidized with persulphate230. 

A rather surprising reaction of sulphenes with cyclic nitrones has also been used to prepare a range of sulphonic acid salts (equation 65)312. 

Irradiation of benzenesulphonic acid in water under an atmosphere of nitrogen yields only sulphur dioxide and tarry organic products. The products arise from phenyl radicals which are also formed on irradiation of the sodium salt where small quantities of biphenyl are produced209. The sulphonic acid salts 252 are photochemically reactive on irradiation in DMSO at 254 nm. After 50 min irradiation the corresponding arenes 253 are formed in the yields shown210. Shapiro and Tomer have reported that the irradiation of p-toluenesulphonate in the presence of methyllithium brings about the formation of p-xylene in low yield211. 

N3P3CI6 reacts with DMF at 80 °C to form a complex, formulated as [N3P3(OCH=NMe2)6] + 6C1, which on further reaction with the sulphonic acid salts RSO3K (R = aryl or chlorosulphonyl) and, subsequently, water, gave N3P3(OH)e, DMF, and RSO2CI.123... 

Direct dyes are dyes that have a high affinity for cotton, rayon, and other cellulose fibres. They are applied directly from a neutral bath containing sodium chloride or sodium sulphate. Like acid dyes, they are usually sulphonic acid salts but are distinguished by their greater substantivlty (affinity for the substrate), hence the alternative name substantive dyes. 

Phenols are made by fusing a sulphonic acid salt with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt of the phenol. The free phenol is liberated by adding sulphuric acid. 

Surfactant. Mp 96-97 . A wide range of carboxylic acid esters-sulphonic acid salts has been prepared. 

Aromatic Sulphonic Acid, Salts and Condensates (Continued) ... 

Amino-alcohols Polyamino-compounds Sulphonic acids Salts of amines or urea Salts of alkali metals Ammonium salts of organic acids... 

The band due to the O-H stretching vibration of hydrated sulphonic acids is very broad and usually has several maxima, occurring in the region 2800-1650 cm (3.60-6.06 pm). Sulphonic acid salts, of course, have no corresponding band. The broadness of the band due to the O-H stretching vibration may be used to distinguish between the hydrated and anhydrous forms of sulphonic acids. 

The band due to the SO3 asymmetric stretching vibration of sulphonic acid salts occurs at 1250-1140cm" (8.00-8.77pm), the position of the band being mainly dependent on the nature of the metal ion, not on whether the... 

For this to be made into a paint for spraying ammonium p-tuolenesulphate and Tegoflow would be added. The sulphonic acid salt is added as a latent catalyst which reverts to the acid on heating. The Tegoflow is a flow control additive which prevents pin holing. 

Electrophoretic mobilities of various salts of poly (styrene sulphonic acid) Salt cone. 0.100 N... 

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