Soil, groundwater

Phytodegradation Soils, groundwater, landfill leachate, land application of wastewater Herbicides (atrazine, alachlor) Aromatics (BTEX) Chlorinated aliphatics (TCE) Nutrients (NO, NH4+, PO3) Ammunition wastes (TNT, RDX) Phreatophyte trees (poplar, willow, cottonwood, aspen) Grasses (rye, Bermuda, sorghum, fescue) Legumes (clover, alfalfa, cowpeas)... 

Types of Technologies for Treatment of Soil, Groundwater, and Drinking Water Contaminated with Oxygenates... 

In landfills, heavy metals have the potential to leach slowly into soil, groundwater, or surface water. Dry cell batteries contribute about 88% of the total mercury and 50% of the cadmium in the MSW stream. In the past, household batteries accounted for nearly half of the mercury used in the United States and over half of the mercury and cadmium in the MSW stream. When burned, some heavy metals such as mercury may vaporize and escape into the air, and cadmium and lead may end up in the ash. 

Acid rain harms the environment in a number of ways it dissolves many rocks and metals, alters the composition of soils, groundwaters, and lakes, and alters the environmental conditions of living organisms. Acid rain is also particularly harmful to ancient objects and structures, as it plays an important role in their deterioration and sometimes total destruction. Unprotected limestone, marble, and sandstone, all of them widely used in ancient times for building and making statuary, are disintegrated by acid rain, which... 

The symposium blended tutorial review papers with descriptions of field, laboratory, industrial, and regulatory problems that have been approached using chemical fate simulations. Authors presented current practices and practical questions such as material balance analysis, atmospheric processes influencing human exposure, aquatic system pathway analysis, movement in soil/groundwater media, and uptake or degradation in biota. 

This paper presents a review discussion of soil, groundwater, aquatic equilibrium and ranking modeling concepts including selected documented models. Watershed models are not discussed, since the work of Knisel (1) is one of the most representative watershed computerized packages. 

There is no scientific reason for a soil model to be an unsaturated soil model only, and not to be an unsaturated (soil) and a saturated soil (groundwater) model. Only mathematical complexity mandates the differentiation, because such a model would have to be 3-dimensional (e.g., 7) and very difficult to operate. Most of the soil models account for vertical flows, groundwater models for horizontal flows. 

Bonazountas, M. et al. (1981). Evaluation of seasonal soil/groundwater pollutant pathways via SESOIL Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 

Environmental media, which may include air, surface water (water column and sediment), soil, groundwater, biota, or any combination thereof. 

A.J. Friedland Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Identifying sources and determining mobility of lead in soil, groundwater, and vegetation... 

Twelve distribution compartments are distinguished air, rivers, freshwater lakes, freshwater lake sediments, salt lakes, salt lake sediments, natural, agricultural and urban soil, groundwater, sea water, and sea water sediments. In contrast... 

Uhler, A. D., McCarthy, K. J., and Stout, S. A., 1999, Improving Petroleum Remediation Monitoring with Forensic Chemistry Soil Groundwater Cleanup, April/May, pp. 26-27. 

As a result of its persistence in soil and groundwater, and past widespread use as a gasoline additive and fumigant, 1,2-dibromoethane has been detected in ambient air, soils, groundwater, and food. However, most of the monitoring data reported in this section, although the latest available, are not current. Volatilization is the most important removal process for 1,2-dibromoethane released to surface waters. Since only a small fraction of the compound is sorbed to soil, sorption to sediment and subsequent persistence in sediment is not expected to be an important process in the removal of 1,2-dibromoethane from the environment. The data may reflect ambient concentrations of a decade or more ago, but because of the phaseout of the use of leaded gasoline and the ban on... 

Investigations regarding the soil - plant pathway, and the soil -groundwater pathway, exploratory investigations... 

Information on nickel exposure from hazardous waste sites is lacking. The most probable route of exposure from hazardous waste sites would be dermal contact, inhalation of dust, and ingestion of nickel-contaminated soil. Groundwater contamination may occur where the soil has a coarse texture and where acid waste, such as waste from plating industries, is discarded. People using this water may be exposed to high levels of nickel. 

Allred B. and G.O. Brown (1996). Boundary condition and soil attribute impacts on anionic surfactant mobihty in unsaturated soil. Groundwater 34 964-972. 

Bevrox Biotreatment, or liquid-solids contact (ESC) digestion, is a patented, ex situ process for the treatment of biodegradable contaminants in soil, groundwater, or process water. 

Enhances biodegradation of petrolenm prodncts and other organic waste contamination in soil, groundwater, or marine environments. 

TCE-degrading bacteria is a patented technology for the treatment of soil, groundwater and wastewater contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). The particular strain of bacteria used in this technology does not require the addition of a toxic co-substrate to activate the bacterial destruction of TCE. The technology can be used to remediate virtually any media type contaminated with one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including TCE, and can be used for in situ or ex situ bioremediation. 

ISOTRON Corporation s electrokinetic decontamination process is a patented, in situ process for the removal of contaminants from soil, groundwater, and porous concrete. The technology applies a low-intensity direct current (DC) across electrode pairs to facilitate electromigration and electro-osmosis of contaminants. The process works primarily on highly soluble ionized inorganics including alkah metals, chlorides, nitrates, and phosphates. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium have also responded favorably. 

The S.A.V.E. (soil aeration-vapor extraction) technology combines air stripping, vacuum extraction, and combustion technologies for the remediation of soil, groundwater, and... 

Sevenson claims that MAECTITE technology converts heavy metals and radionuclides in soil, groundwater, solid waste, debris, sludges, and other material into nonleachable forms that are stable over geological time spans. They also claim that the technology limits the bioavailability of lead in treated soil and can result in volume reduction with limited mass increase during treatment. 

Apatite, a natural calcium fluoride phosphate, can adsorb low to moderate levels of dissolved metals from soils, groundwater, and waste streams. Metals naturally chemically bind to the apatite, forming extremely stable phosphate phases of metal-substituted apatite minerals. This natural process is used by UFA Ventures, Inc., and is called phosphate-induced metals stabilization (PIMS). The PIMS material can by used in a packed bed, mixed with the contaminated media, or used as a permeable barrier. The material may be left in place, disposed of, or reused. It requires no further treatment or stabilization. Research is currently being conducted on using apatite to remediate soil and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals, and the technology may also be applicable to radionuclides. The technology is not yet commercially available. 

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