Review papers

Wilhelm Ostwald was also defining physical chemisti y during the 1880s. As an editor of a new journal devoted to physical chemisti y, he wrote brief critical comments about many papers. Reviewing a paper that used Liebig s vibrational theoi y to explain results, Ostwald provided a new definition of a catalyst that was widely accepted and led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909. 

T his paper reviews some recent work, mainly carried out in the laboratories of Birkbeck College, on the conversion of normal sugars into deoxy sugars via glycopyranosiduloses or unsaturated sugars as intermediates. 

This paper reviews data on certain thermodynamic aspects of the nonstoichiometric Pu-0 system, which may serve as a basis for use In reactor safety analysis. Emphasis Is placed on phase relationships, vaporization behavior, oxygen-potential measurements, and evaluation of pertinent thermodynamic quantities. Limited high temperature oxygen potential data obtained above the fluorite, diphasic, and sesquioxide phases In the Pu-0 system are presented. 

This paper reviews some lessons of the climatic past that are useful in evaluating forecasts of the climatic future. 

This paper reviews the recent studies in the field of radical reactions of organobromine compounds. A special attention is paid to the use of metal-complex systems based on iron pentacarbonyl as catalysts this makes it possible to perform the initiation and chain transfer reactions selectively at C-Br bond. 

This paper reviews recycling technologies of PMMA waste, its applications and its markets. It relates in detail experimentation on thermal and oxidative depolymerisation of PMMA scrap, under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres, at different heating rates by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. 15 refs. 

Explain the difference between letters, full papers, reviews and conference proceedings. 

This paper reviews the possible formation of these compounds in selected food products as well as identifying several future research areas. 

A number of scientific journals regularly publish papers reviewing the state of the art in the RM business as well as original contributions on certification, inter-laboratory comparisons, and on RM/CRM applications. Table 8.2 lists the most popular and widely cited. The most prolific journals are Fresenius Journal, JAAS, Science of the Total Environment and Water, Air, Soil Pollution, all with around or even more than 50 papers mentioning reference materials from 1998 and 1999. Of these, Fresenius Journal led in 1998, with more than 80 papers. This was partly because it traditionally publishes, so far in six special issues, a series of papers presented at the International Biological and Environmental Reference Materials Symposia (BERM) series. The role and contribution of the BERM series of meetings is reviewed below. 

Much less attention has been paid to chronic PCP use per se, i.e., the substance use disorder itself. Such issues as the effects of chronic PCP use, and the diagnosis, clinical characterization, and treatment of chronic PCP abusers are rarely discussed in the published literature, even in detailed review articles (Davis 1982 Pearlson 1981 Pradhan 1984). This paper reviews the literature on inpatient and outpatient treatment of PCP abuse, outlines our own experience with PCP users and abusers in one large, public, urban hospital, and makes suggestions for future research based on this information and animal research findings (Balster, this volume). 

Many materials are complex mixtures of multiple molecular species and components and each component can be in multiple chemical or physical states. Realtime determination of the components and their properties is important for the understanding and control of the manufacturing processes. This paper reviews a recently developed technique of 2D NMR of diffusion and relaxation and its application to identify components of materials. This technique may have further applications for the study of biological systems and in industrial process control and quality assurance. 

Some effort has been directed toward understanding the growth requirements of the alga of interest, allelopathic alga (13), the optimum salinity (14), the distribution of allelopathic agents (15), and the temperature optimum (16). This paper reviews the approaches taken to separate the allelopathic agents from the other materials and the methods used to characterize the biological activity of aponin from Nannochloris sp. 

In what way and how much do the military origins and uses of fission energy impact the prospects for revival ofthe nuclear power option Are they a serious impediment are they of little significance or is it just possible that, if fully understood, the military implications are a positive factor No assessment of the future of nuclear power can be complete without consideration ofthe military use issue, the essence of which is the potential spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries or even subnational entities. This paper reviews this issue, giving particular attention to international nuclear safeguards, certainly the most distinctive, and probably the most misunderstood feature of the nuclear nonproliferation regime. 

The various contributions can also be classified in accordance with the optimization techniques used. However, this method of organization gives rise to an even more diverse classification, since the techniques used range all the way from rules of thumb (A3-A5, M6-M8, Ol, T2) and analytical solution (S8) to the more recent developments in mathematical programming. Most of the techniques reported are continuous, but some are discrete (C8, R5) and still others are of mixed integer types (G3). Table VI shows such a classification for the papers reviewed. It is clearly beyond the scope of this review to delve into the mathematical bases of these methods. We shall... 

The paper reviews several ad-hoc approaches to estimating releases and illustrates their use with a case study of benzene. The authors identify key opportunities for further research. 

This paper reviews the experiences of the oil industry in regard to asphaltene flocculation and presents justifications and a descriptive account for the development of two different models for this phenomenon. In one of the models we consider the asphaltenes to be dissolved in the oil in a true liquid state and dwell upon statistical thermodynamic techniques of multicomponent mixtures to predict their phase behavior. In the other model we consider asphaltenes to exist in oil in a colloidal state, as minute suspended particles, and utilize colloidal science techniques to predict their phase behavior. Experimental work over the last 40 years suggests that asphaltenes possess a wide molecular weight distribution and they may exist in both colloidal and dissolved states in the crude oil. 

This paper reviews NSE measurements on polymer melts, networks and solutions, published since the first successful NSE study on polymers [16] was performed in 1978. The experimental observations are discussed in the framework of related microscopic models, scaling predictions or other theoretical approaches. 

This paper reviews the recent experimental results and mathematical modeling from the literature on electrocodeposition of particles in a metallic matrix. Although many different particle/metal systems are discussed, the electrocodeposition of alumina particles in copper matrix is highlighted as this widely-studied system illustrates the various effects of process variables and it exemplifies the types of contradictions concerning these results in the literature. 

Diarrhea is a well-known complication of antibiotic therapy. Rates of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) vary from 5 to 25%. Some antibiotics are more likely to cause diarrhea than others, specifically, those that are broad spectrum and those that target anaerobic flora. This paper reviews the effects of antibiotics on the fecal flora as well as host factors which contribute to AAD. Clinical features and treatment of AAD are also described. Prevention of AAD rests on wise antibiotic policies, the use of probiotics and prevention of acquisition in the hospital setting. Data from clinical trials suggest that poorly absorbed antimicrobials might have a decreased risk of causing AAD and Clostridium difficile-associated disease, as concluded from studies of antibiotics used for preoperative bowel decontamination and poorly absorbed antibiotics used for traveler s diarrhea. Controlled trials would prove this but are not yet available. Probiotics may be a good adjunct to poorly absorbed antibiotics to minimize the risk of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. 

This paper reviews the practical difficulties inherent in implementing olfactory enrichment outside of a controlled laboratory setting. Considerations discussed include (i) choice of scent, relevance and motivation (ii) how to present scent in time and space (iii) individual variation in response rates and neophobia and (iv) health implications. 

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