Electrokinetic decontamination

T0430 ISOTRON Corporation, Electrokinetic Decontamination Process T0452 Joule-Heated Vitrification—General... 

T0391 ICl Explosives Environmental Company, ICI Explosives Incineration Process T0430 ISOTRON Corporation, Electrokinetic Decontamination Process T0466 Krudico, Inc., Ion Exchange Resins for Nitrate and Perchlorate T0471 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Carbon Aerogel Capacitive Deionization of Water... 

T0428 International Landmark Environmental, Inc., Diatomite T0430 ISOTRON Corporation, Electrokinetic Decontamination Process T0441 IT Corporation, Hybrid Thermal Treatment System (HTTS)... 

Electrokinetic Decontamination Process by ISOTRON Corporation (T0430) Electroreclamation by Geokinetics International, Inc. (T0337)... 

ISOTRON Corporation s electrokinetic decontamination process is a patented, in situ process for the removal of contaminants from soil, groundwater, and porous concrete. The technology applies a low-intensity direct current (DC) across electrode pairs to facilitate electromigration and electro-osmosis of contaminants. The process works primarily on highly soluble ionized inorganics including alkah metals, chlorides, nitrates, and phosphates. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium have also responded favorably. 

According to the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation Work Group, the electrokinetic decontamination process has the following advantages ... 

One of the more recent technologies in pollution treatment and remediation is based on the electrokinetic decontamination of soils [126-128], in which a dc potential (a few volts per centimeter) is applied across two inert electrodes embedded in a soil mass. This applied potential causes decomposition of the soil water to occur at the two electrodes. The migration of contaminants in the electric field, water transport, and reactions at the electrodes, as well as reactions caused by the induced pH gradient, can effectively clean soils. Acar et al. [127] reviewed electrokinetic remediation for the removal of metals and other inorganic contaminants from soil as well as its use in the extraction of organics from contaminated soils. 

Prozorov LB, Shcheglov MY, Nikolaevsky VB, Shevtsova EV, Korneva SA. (2000). The influence of electric parameters on the dynamics of the electrokinetic decontamination of soils. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 246(3) 571-574. 

Eykholt GR, Daniel DE. (1991). Electrokinetic decontamination of soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 28(l-2) 208-209. 

They are used as powerful separation methods in new methods such as capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic decontamination. Those two applications will be rapidly presented, letting the interested reader explore these new tracks by himself... 

Lynntech, Inc. s (Lynntech s), electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil technology is an in situ soil decontamination method that uses an electric current to transport soil contaminants. According to Lynntech, this technology uses both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrokinetic techniques (dielectrophoresis) to decontaminate soil containing heavy metals and organic contaminants. A non homogeneous electric field is applied between electrodes positioned in the soil. The field induces electrokinetic processes that cause the controlled, horizontal, and/or vertical removal of contaminants from soils of variable hydraulic permeabilities and moisture contents. 

DeFlaun, M. F. and Condee, C. W. (1997) Electrokinetic Transport of Bacteria f Journal of Hazardous Materials, Special Edition on Electrochemical Decontamination of Soil and Water, Edited by Yalcin B. Acar and AkramN. Alshawabkeh, pp. 263-278. 

Fig. 15.31. One-dimensional laboratory test apparatus. (Reprinted from R. J. Gale, Soil Decontamination Using Electrokinetic Processing, in Environmental Oriented Electrochemistry, C. A. C. Sequeira, ed., Fig. 4, p. 362, copyright 1994. Reproduced with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Electroremediation — Electrochemical process for in-situ decontamination and restoration of polluted soils, sludge, or other solid wastes. It is also currently known as electroreclamation, electrorestoration, or electrokinetic remediation. The technology involves the application of a low-intensity direct current across inert electrode pairs... 

Interest in soil decontamination by electrokinetic processing has been increasing steadily, as shown by the volume of scientific studies. There have been two workshop/conferences dedicated to this topic in the U.S. in recent years [86,87] and a number of companies now have offered specialized services in this area. The technology is an emerging one and it is not yet fully mature. There exists a need to conduct further basic and applied studies before it achieves its full potential. In environmental remediation, the site chemistry before and after any application of technical processes need to be fully evaluated. It is recommended that bench scale, laboratory tests be undertaken prior to any site work to help optimize the process parameters. Although the... 

Soil decontamination using electrokinetic processing by R. J. Gale, H. Li and Y.B. Acar... 

Pamukcu S, Wittle JK. (1993). Electrokinetically enhanced in situ soil decontamination. Chapter 13. In Remediation of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils (eds. DL Wise, DJ, Trantolo). New York Marcel Dekker, pp. 245-298. 

Therefore, the problem of effective remediation of soils of radioactive nuclides is very relevant. Most technologies of soil decontamination that are currently developed are based on flushing soils with various chemicals and include processes of chemical leaching and selective extraction of radioactive nuclides (Prozorov et flZ., 2000 Shevtsova, 2003). The electrokinetic technique is a new and perspective method of soil remediation, whose main advantage consists in its applicability to decontaminating soils with low filtration ability directly at the site of its local pollution (e.g. in a rock mass) (Pamukcu and Wittle, 1992 Acar et al, 1993, 2001 Janosy and Piot, 1998 Korolev, 2001, 2006 Korolev, Barkhatova, and Shevtsova, 2007). 

For the reasons provided above, sediment decontamination is a complex technical issue, which requires the study of different treatment alternatives and likely the application of a multiple-stage treatment sequence. In this framework, it is a general opinion that technically and economically feasible treatment strategies should be identified therefore, treatment processes allowing for further utilization of decontaminated sediment are receiving renewed attention by authorities, technicians, and researchers and, among them, electrokinetic remediation deserves particular attention. 

Chung HI, Kang BH. (1999). Lead removal from contaminated marine clay by electrokinetic soil decontamination. Engineering Geology 53(2) 139-150. 

The electrokinetic remediation of Hg from contaminated soils is notoriously very difficult due to its low solubility, as stated in the previous chapter. Moreover, the electrokinetics of Hg mixed with heavy metals has not been extensively studied. The most efficient removal of Hg in soils was conducted by the oxidation of reduced insoluble Hg(l) to Hg(II) using I2 (Cox, Shoesmith, and Ghosh, 1996). Here, an anionic complex is formed, where Hg(II) ions are available to migrate through the soil toward the anode. In a recent investigation of the decontamination of mixed heavy metals from contaminated field soils, only Hg was observed to have a different removal property from more than the 10 other metal contaminants (Reddy and Ala, 2005). The system where EDTA solution was applied as the electrolyte was... 

Darmawan, Wada SI. (2002). Effect of clay mineralogy on the feasibility of electrokinetic soil decontamination technology. Applied Clay Science 20 283-293. 

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