Land application

Land application Isolation Leaching to ground water... 

There are concerns that land application of sludge will result in an increase of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals and metals in drinking water reservoirs, aquifers, and the food chain. This raises additional concerns of cumulative effects of metals in cropped soils. Research shows that if metals such as zinc, copper, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium are allowed to build up in soils due to many applications of sludges over the years, they could be released at... 

If the biosolids are of "exceptional quality"- that is, they meet the pollutant concentration limits, class A pathogen reduction requirements, and a vector attraction processing option- they are usually exempt. However, when biosolids meeting class B pathogen reduction requirements are applied to the land, additional site restrictions are required. Table 6 provides a summary of the land application pollution limits for biosolids as they currently stand. 

Scotch marine boilers (SM boilers) derive their name from the Scottish shipyards that built marine vessels for the British Navy. They were the first design of FT boiler to incorporate both furnace tubes and fire tubes inside the shell and replaced the brick-set boilers that used to burn through the bottoms of ships. The SM boiler was a particularly versatile design and quickly became the boiler of choice for many stationary (land) applications as well as for marine duty. Land-based SM boilers (now commonly called Scotch boilers) were not simply marine boilers adapted for stationary duty but incorporated specific design modifications to meet the requirements of land-based industry. 

Phytodegradation Soils, groundwater, landfill leachate, land application of wastewater Herbicides (atrazine, alachlor) Aromatics (BTEX) Chlorinated aliphatics (TCE) Nutrients (NO, NH4+, PO3) Ammunition wastes (TNT, RDX) Phreatophyte trees (poplar, willow, cottonwood, aspen) Grasses (rye, Bermuda, sorghum, fescue) Legumes (clover, alfalfa, cowpeas)... 

Rhizodegradation Soils, sediments, land application of wastewater Organic compounds (TPH, PAHs, BTEX, pesticides, chlorinated solvents, PCBs) Phenolics releasers (mulberry, apple, osage orange) Grasses with fibrous roots (rye, fescue, Bermuda) for contaminants 0-3 ft deep Phreatophyte trees for 0-10 ft Aquatic plants for sediments... 

Landfill and surface impoundment disposal are most often used for wastewater treatment sludge, but a significant number of mills dispose of sludge through land application, conversion to sludge-derived products (e.g., compost and animal bedding), or combustion for energy recovery.25... 

Subsequent to biosolids handling processes, kraft mills dispose of biosolids by land application, landfill, or combustion. 

U.S. EPA, Memorandum of Understanding between the American Forest Paper Association and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regarding the Implementation of Land Application Agreements Among AF PA Member Pulp and Paper Mills and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, executed April 14, 1994. 

Land application of sewage sludge Leakage from sewage oxidation ponds... 

IA Land application of sludge and solid waste from publicly owned treatment center No permit required if lead level does not exceed 1,000 mg/kg IAC 1986b... 

IAC. 1986b. Iowa Administrative Code. Environmental Protection 567. Chapter 121.3 (455B). Land Application of Wastes—Permit Exemptions, 1. 

Table 8.5. Cumulative loading rates of trace elements for land applications of sewage sludge in selected countries51...

Table 8.7. Maximum permissible trace element levels of sewage sludge for land applications in the U.S. and China3...

Johnson C.D., Vance G.F. Long-term land application of biosolids soil and plant trace element concentrations. University of Wyoming, Cooperative Extension Service, B-1062. 1998... 

Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Zaugg SD, Burkhard MR, Werner SL, Cahill JD, Jorgensen GR (2006) Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in biosolids destined for land application. Environ Sci Technol 40 7207-7215... 

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