Lake salt

As the norbornyl ion controversy evolved, it became a highly public and frequently very personal and bitter pnblic debate. Saul Winstein suddenly died in the fall of 1969, shortly after the Salt Lake City sym-posinm. To my regret, I seemed to have inherited his role in repre-... 

Great Salt Lake Greek fire Green acids Green beer... 

M. A. Cook, The Science of Industrial Explosives, Graphic S ervices and Supply, IRECO Chemicals, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1974. 

Second International Congress on Toxic Combustion By-Products Formation and Control, Salt Lake City, Utah, Mar. 26—29,1991. 

R. G. Barton, W. O. Clark, W. S. Lanier, and W. R. Seeker, "Dioxin Emissions During Waste Incineration," presented at Spring Meeting Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1988. 

Component, vol % Salt Lake, Utah Webb, Texas Khfside, Texas Sussex, England Lacq, Erance... 

F. S. Larsen, The Thermal Treatment of Contaminated Soils and the Incineration of Waste Fuels, PhD dissertation. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1994. 

United States Great Salt Lake, Utah 0.006 0.8 0.4 7.0 7... 

Occurrence. Magnesium bromide [7789-48-2] MgBr2, is found in seawater, some mineral springs, natural brines, inland seas and lakes such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake, and salt deposits such as the Stassfurt deposits. In seawater, it is the primary source of bromine (qv). By the action of chlorine gas upon seawater or seawater bitterns, bromine is formed (see Chemicals frombrine). 

D. R. George, J. M. Riley, and J. R. Ross, paper presented at The 62ndNational Meeting of the Institute of Chemical Engineers, Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21-24,1967. 

Pigment Red 53, barium salt [5160-02-1] 15585 1 BONA (Ba salt) (Lake Red C) coupling of dia2oti2ed 2-amino-4-methyl-5-chloroben2enesulfonic acid with 2-naphthol, foUowed by salt formation... 

Potassium sulfate is produced in Sicily by controlled decomposition of the natural mineral kainite, KCl-MgS04-2.75H2 0 (26). This salt is first converted to schoenite in an aqueous solution from a potassium sulfate conversion step. A similar process is used in the United States. Kainite is obtained as the potassium feedstock by stage evaporation of Great Salt Lake bitterns (see Chemicals frombrines). 

A. W. Jen ike, Storage andFhw of Solids, Bulletin No. 123, University of Utah Engineering Experiment Station, Salt Lake City, Nov. 1964. 

C. J. Elskamp, OSPIA Analytical Method 57—4,4 -Methylenedianiline (MDA), OSHA Analytical Laboiatoiy, Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan. 1986. 

S. L. Tl2rsiQO(M, Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Radiation Research Society, Salt Lake City, Utah, Abstract P-06-5, 1992, p. 19. 

P. B. Queneau, B. J. Hansen, and D. E. SpiUer, in "Recycling Lead and Zinc in the United States," Proceedings of the Milton E. Wadsworth 4th International Symposium on liydrometallurgy, AIME SME/TMS, Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 1—5,1993. 

On the other hand, wet chlorination of refinery slimes has proven to be a rapid and simple method of obtaining high extractions of selenium from slimes. A simple wet chlorination flow sheet is shown in Figure 3. Slimes chlorination per se is not a simple deselenization operation, but rather a process wherein virtually all the constituents of slimes which form soluble chlorides report as a complex solution of mixed chlorides. Thus the use of wet chlorination requires a complete change in the process to recover the metal values in slimes. The first plant to use wet chlorination of slimes was started by Kennecott (Salt Lake City, Utah) in 1995. 

Zambia Kennecott Corp., Salt Lake City, Utah Phelps Dodge Refining Corp., El Paso, Tex. Zambia ConsoHdated Copper Mines Ltd., Kalulushi... 

P. B. Sherwood, Proceedings ofN. Y A. Operators Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1976. 

Sodium is not found ia the free state ia nature because of its high chemical reactivity. It occurs naturally as a component of many complex minerals and of such simple ones as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium borate, and sodium nitrate. Soluble sodium salts are found ia seawater, mineral spriags, and salt lakes. Principal U.S. commercial deposits of sodium salts are the Great Salt Lake Seades Lake and the rock salt beds of the Gulf Coast, Virginia, New York, and Michigan (see Chemicals frombrine). Sodium-23 is the only naturally occurring isotope. The six artificial radioisotopes (qv) are Hsted ia Table 1 (see Sodium compounds). 

Nearly all manufacturers of sodium sulfate use Glauber s salt ia an iatermediate process step. Glauber s salt is then converted to anhydrous sodium sulfate. In 1990, there were only three significant producers of natural sodium sulfate O ark-Mahoning (Texas), North American Chemical (California), and Great Salt Lake Minerals (Utah). 

At Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation (Utah), solar-evaporated brines are winter-chilled to —3° C in solar ponds. At this low temperature, a relatively pure Glauber s salt precipitates. Ponds are drained and the salt is loaded into tmcks and hauled to a processing plant. At the plant, Glauber s salt is dissolved in hot water. The resulting Hquor is filtered to remove insolubles. The filtrate is then combined with soHd-phase sodium chloride, which precipitates anhydrous sodium sulfate of 99.5—99.7% purity. Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation discontinued sodium sulfate production in 1993 when it transferred production and sales to North American Chemical Corporation (Trona, California). 

Gieat Salt Lake Minerals Coip. 45 Ogden, Utah Great Salt Lake brine... 

SpecificationforMnhjdrous Sodium Sulfate Great Salt Lake Minerals Corp., Ogden, Utah, Jan. 1996. 

Another process, which also generates elemental sulfur as a by-product, has been patented by Envirotech Research Center in Salt Lake City (29). In the Electroslurry process, a ball mill finely grinds a chalcopyrite concentrate, which reacts with an acidic copper sulfate solution for iron removal. The Hquor is electrolyzed and the iron is oxidized to the ferric form. This latter step leaches copper from the copper sulfide for deposition on the cathode. Elemental sulfur is recovered at the same time. 

The data available are generally for the Athabasca materials, although workers at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City) have carried out an intensive program to determine the processibiUty of Utah bitumen and considerable data have become available. Bulk properties of samples from several locations (Table 3) (9) show that there is a wide range of properties. Substantial differences exist between the tar sands in Canada and those in the United States a difference often cited is that the former is water-wet and the latter, oil-wet (10). 

Ex situ or off-site, regeneration of base metal catalysts is a service offered by several vendors worldwide, including Catalyst Recovery, Inc., of Lafayette, Louisiana, and Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada Catalyst Recovery, Europe of Rodange, Luxembourg Nippon CRI of Miyako, Japan Englehard (formerly Edtrol) of Salt Lake City, Utah Eurecat, U.S., of Pasadena, Texas and Eurecat, SA of La Voulte, Erance (22—28). 

Great Salt Lake, Utah, is the largest terminal lake in the United States. From its brine, salt, elemental magnesium, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate ate produced. Other well-known terminal lakes ate Qinghai Lake in China, Tu2 Golu in Turkey, the Caspian Sea and Atal skoje in the states of the former Soviet Union, and Urmia in Iran. There ate thousands of small terminal lakes spread across most countries of the world. Most of these lakes contain sodium chloride, but many contain ions of magnesium, calcium, potassium, boron, lithium, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. 

Solar salt operations can be found along the shores of the Great Salt Lake and in the San Francisco Bay area (6—10). Salt production from these areas represents 10% of the total salt produced in the United States. 

In 1981, seven faciUties extracted minerals from Great Salt Lake brine, but flooding in 1983 and 1984 reduced the number to five. By 1992, four companies were operating. AH Great Salt Lake mineral extracting faciUties have solar ponds as the first stage in processing minerals from brine. 

Fig. 1. Abbreviated flow sheet of the multiproducts of Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation.

Occurrence. Brine found in Seades Lake, California is the only brine source where boron is produced commercially. Other brine bodies such as the Great Salt Lake or brine from thermal weUs at the Salton Sea have been considered but have not been exploited. Brines at the Salar de Atacama in Chile also contain boron, but it is not presently extracted. 

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