Most probable route

Second, typically small, dedicated facilities and not nuclear power plants or their associated fuel cycle facilities have been the source of nuclear material for all proliferation to date and are the most probable route to ary future proliferation. 

An estimated 21,156, 33,257, 11,162, and 1,261,818 workers were potentially exposed to o-, p-, m-, and the mixture of isomers, respectively, in the workplace, according to the National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS) conducted between 1972 and 1974 (NIOSH 1984). According to the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) conducted by NIOSH in the workplace between 1980 and 1983, 3,214, 3,269, 5,573, and 121,573 workers were potentially exposed to o-, p-, m-, and the mixture of isomers, respectively (NIOSH 1989). Neither the NOHS nor NOES data bases contain information on the frequency, concentration, or duration of exposure of workers to any of the chemicals listed therein. These surveys provide estimates of the number of workers potentially exposed to the chemicals in the workplace. The most probable routes of occupational exposure are inhalation and dermal contact at places where cresols and/or cresol-containing compounds are produced or used. 

High levels of exposure to cresols are most likely to occur in occupational settings where cresols are either produced or used. Intake by inhalation or dermal contact is the most probable route of high exposure to cresols. Cigarette smokers may be exposed to high amounts of cresols. 

Information on nickel exposure from hazardous waste sites is lacking. The most probable route of exposure from hazardous waste sites would be dermal contact, inhalation of dust, and ingestion of nickel-contaminated soil. Groundwater contamination may occur where the soil has a coarse texture and where acid waste, such as waste from plating industries, is discarded. People using this water may be exposed to high levels of nickel. 

Neurotoxicity. Limited data in humans Indicate that exposure to chlorobenzene via inhalation and oral exposures can result in effects on the nervous system. Clinical signs and symptoms were observed, but histological lesions were not reported. Results of inhalation studies in animals confirm clinical aberrations, but no data were found in animals following oral exposure. Further studies employing other animal species and various dose levels would be useful to determine if similar effects exist following oral and dermal exposures. Although the inhalation of contaminated air is the most probable route of exposure to, chlorobenzene, there is also potential for exposure through skin contact or by consumption of contaminated water. Animal studies in which chlorobenzene is administered orally or dermally would allow determination of neurotoxicity by these routes. 

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution defines the most probable route. Here the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is being used in terms of a probability, rather than a fraction of molecules with energy at least a certain critical energy. The probability that a molecule has a given potential energy at any point on the surface is proportional to exp(—s/kT), where e is the PE at the point. 

A concerted electrocyclic reaction such as that in VIII would give rise to an allene IX whose 1,3-hydrogen transfer would yield the final compound III. However, such an electrocyclic reaction does not, as yet, have precedent, and therefore may not be the most probable route. In addition, a nonconcerted electron reorganization would also furnish allene IX via a stable allylic carbocation (X). 

Figure 9 Schematic representation of the reaction pathway for methane oxidative dimerization on alkali (A) promoted oxide catalyst (BO). The pathway represents the most probable routes, including the coexistence of various phases in equilibrium with the reaction environment.

The most probable routes of human exposure to BPA are inhalation and dermal contact of workers involved in the manufacture, use, transport or packaging of this compound. Potential exposure to BPA can also be expected through oral intake, since BPA is... 

Consumption of drinking water is the most probable route of exposure to chlorine dioxide and its by-products. Patients undergoing hemodialysis may be directly exposed to chlorine dioxide through dialysis water disinfected with chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is a gas therefore, inhalation is also an exposure pathway. 

The most probable routes of human exposure to EDTA would be ingestion and dermal contact. Workers involved in the manufacture or use of EDTA may be exposed by inhalation and dermal contact. In chelation therapy, EDTA is administered via intravenous infusion. 

DIPE is rapidly absorbed into the blood from the lungs or GI tract. Elimination through lungs is the most probable route of excretion. Information on DIPE is currently limited. 

Now two gases have been evolved and should escape the reaction mixture driving the transformation to completion (Fig. 10.15). The most probable route is in the center, with alternative routes drawn to either side. The path name for the forward reaction only is shown. The low-probability routes have been omitted for clarity. 

As for the anticancer action of these plant-derived or herbal medicines, or still other chemicals, the most probable route is that of enzyme inhibitors. In fact, this is seen as the role of modem medicines such as antibiotics, which act against a critical enzyme in bacterial cells (prokaryotes), bnt in the dosages used, not against human cells (eukaryotes). Each and every body biochemical reaction in the body is in fact catalyzed and controlled by a particular enzyme. In turn, there are other substances that may inhibit, block, control, or modnlate the action of these enzymes. These substances are known as enzyme inhibitors, and in rare instances may also promote a biochemical reaction. More than this, a particnlar substance will usually act against or inhibit more than one enzyme. This diversity produces side effects. 

The most probable routes by which the general population is exposed are by the inhalation of ammonia that has volatilized from common household cleaning products and through dermal contact during the use of these products. Inhalation exposure to ammonia by some members of the rural population may occur for those who are near agricultural areas during the fertilizer application period, those near animal feedlots or confinement areas, and those who apply anhydrous ammonia to fields. 

There are no effective methods to enhance elimination of Stoddard solvent and no known antidotes. Since inhalation is the most probable route of exposure, removing the person from the contaminated area may help to reduce the body burden (Stutz and Janusz 1988). Stoddard solvent can be stored in adipose tissue thus, the effects may continue for a few days after exposure has occurred as Stoddard solvent is released from storage. 

Similar analyses should be performed for other microbes which adhere to and utilize solid or immiscible substrates (e.g. cellulose, lignin, chitin), since calculation of AG net for a proposed mechanism of utilization would identify likely processes, and dissection of the mechanism into stages would identify the most probable routes used by the microbe. 

The calculations of the composition of solid-phase products with consideration of the balance + Nio + ocnisc = 1 and their comparison with data on 0(ch4 have showed that the most probable routes for the formation of CH4 are the reactions (15) and (16). 

The source of these pollutants was probably ambient air, and this is the most probable route of intake for the general population. 

The third step in the vulcanization sequence is considered to be the formation of polysulphide cross-links. The most probable route for the conversion of the rubber-bound intermediate into cross-linked polysulphides is by disproportionation reactions, involving cleavage of S—S bonds these reactions may be initiated by mercaptide ions (XS ) derived from the zinc mercaptide (cf., Section 17.2) ... 

Scheme 3 depicts the likely reaction path, involving a transition state like 4. The reaction of mercury(II) acetate with [Pt(2-Me2NCH2C6H4)2] is related, and produces compounds with mercury-platinum bonds. Equation (6) shows the most probable route, this time leading to a six-coordinate product. There is evidence (electrochemical and uv/visible... 

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