Dermal contact

Toxicity of 2-Ghloroethanol. Ethylene chlorohydrin is an irritant and is toxic to the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system. In addition, it is rapidly absorbed through the skin (73). The vapor is not sufficiently irritating to the eyes and respiratory mucous membranes to prevent serious systemic poisoning. Contact of the Hquid in the eyes of rabbits causes moderately severe injury, but in humans corneal bums have been known to heal within 48 hours. Several human fataUties have resulted from inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion. One fatahty was caused by exposure to an estimated 300 ppm in air for 2.25 hours. In another fatal case, autopsy revealed pulmonary edema and damage to the Hver, kidneys, and brain (73). 

Two of seven children who ingested methyl parathion in contaminated drinking water, and also were exposed by inhalation and possibly by dermal contact following spraying of methyl parathion inside a house, died (Dean et al. 1984). Additional details are provided in Section 3.2.1.1. 

Overview. Humans living in areas surrounding hazardous waste sites may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils since this compound is found bound to soil particles. Although endosulfan can be found in water as colloidal suspensions adsorbed to particles, ingestion of contaminated finished drinking water is not expected to be a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very water soluble. Likewise, inhalation exposure to endosulfan via volatilization from contaminated media is not a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very... 

People living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils since endosulfan is found bound to soil particles. Another possible... 

The most important routes of exposure to endosulfan for the general population are ingestion of food and the use of tobacco products with endosulfan residues remaining after treatment. Farmers, pesticide applicators, and individuals living in the vicinity of hazardous waste disposal sites contaminated with endosulfan may receive additional exposure through dermal contact and inhalation. 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. Endosulfan can be absorbed following inhalation of contaminated workplace air and ingestion of insecticide-contaminated food (Ely et al. 1967). Dermal contact with or ingestion of endosulfan that is tightly bound to soil particles is an exposure route of... 

Some nickel compounds may be irritant to skin and eyes and dermal contact with nickel can result in allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel carbonyl is extremely toxic by inhalation and should be handled in totally enclosed systems or with extremely efficient ventilation. Air monitors linked to alarms may be required to detect leaks. Respiratory equipment must be available for dealing with leaks. Biological checks (e.g. nickel in urine) should be considered for routine operations involving nickel catalysts. 

The eombined ineidence of stomach, liver, prostate, and lymphohematopoeitic cancers was increased among 2,050 male and 1,924 female Finnish workers occupationally exposed primarily to trichloroethylene (Antilla et al. 1995). The workers were exposed principally through inhalation, although there was some dermal contact. The statistical power of this study was low. 

Recently nitrosamines have attracted attention because of their marked carcinogenic activity in a wide variety of animal species Q, ). Nitrosamines are likely to be carcinogens in man as well human exposure to these compounds is by ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact and vivo formation from nitrite and amines Nitrite and amines react most rapidly at an acidic pH A variety of factors, however, make nitrosation a potentially important reaction above pH 7 these include the presence of microorganisms, and the possibilities of catalysis by thiocyanate, metals and phenols, and of transnitrosation by other nitroso compounds. 

Mechanisms for transmitting toxin to host Ingestion, Inhalation, dermal contact, physical and biologic vectors ... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No studies were located regarding neurological effects in humans after inhalation exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids. There are reports of neurological effects in humans occupationally exposed to mineral oil hydraulic fluids however dermal contact was expected to have been the primary route of exposure (see Section 2.2.3.4). 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Studies regarding cancer in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids were limited to a single case-control study that examined associations between subjectively reported occupational exposure to petroleum-derived liquids and cancer at particular sites among 3,726 male cancer patients (Siemiatycki et al. 1987a). The study found no convincing associations between occupational exposure to hydraulic fluids and cancer at any site. This study is discussed in more detail in Section 2.2.3.8, because, while inhalation exposure was probable for the subject occupations, the authors reported that the exposure route was more often dermal contact. 

The material was poured over the backs of the animals as a ringworm treatment. Exposure was expected to have been by the oral route as well as by dermal contact, because the cows were seen licking their backs or the backs of other cows 14 of 50 cows died within 4 weeks of exposure. The authors stated that this fluid may have been contaminated with tri-ort/zo-cresyl phosphate. 

Another group of 14 men was exposed primarily by dermal contact to a triaryl phosphate hydraulic fluid during installation and operation of hydraulic aircraft elevators on a U.S. Navy ship (Baldridge et al. 

Acute lethality studies in animals exposed by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact to several mineral oil hydraulic fluids indicate that mineral oil fluids are not potent toxicants. Mineral oil hydraulic fluids produced no deaths in rats after 4-hour exposures to aerosol concentrations of 110-210 mg/m3 or gavage administration of single doses <5,000 mg/kg (Kinkead et al. 1987a, 1988). Rabbits, likewise, did not die after single 24-hour exposures to occluded dermal doses of several mineral oil hydraulic fluids <2,000 mg/kg (Kinkead et al. 1985, 1987a, 1988). 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Peripheral neuropathy developed in a man after about 2 years of heavy occupational exposure by dermal contact to mineral oil hydraulic fluids, at least one of which was known... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluids are used extensively in virtually all heavy industries as well as in construction equipment, automobiles, tractors, trucks, and material handling equipment. Potentially exposed populations include workers in heavy and allied industries and the general population due to the use of hydraulic fluids in automobiles however, this profile does not focus on automotive fluids. The most common route of exposure is dermal contact with the neat fluid, although inhalation of oil mists and vapors may also occur. The components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids are present in many other petroleum-derived products including lubricating oils, so exposure to the major components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids is not limited to hydraulic fluid exposures. 

Monsanto. 1980. Evaluation of potential hazards by dermal contact. Test material SH-79-007, Skydrol (R) 500B-4 Fire resistant hydraulic fluids. 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. Additional information on absorption following dermal contact with, or ingestion of, contaminated soil and water would also be helpful in determining the importance of this route of exposure for populations of concern. 

Studies in indoor environments of dermal contact transfer required an estimate, and a tight-fitting whole-body dosimeter was adopted and initially considered as a surrogate for skin (Krieger et al., 2000). Contact with treated surfaces was limited to feet, hands, limbs, and torso. Standardized Jazzercize to represent daily human activities and maximum contact was incorporated into protocols for indoor exposure studies (Ross et al., 1990,1991). Comparative studies will be reported elsewhere (Krieger et al., 2000). 

Recent studies provide evidence for rapid dermal absorption of inorganic lead in adults however, these studies have not quantified the fraction of applied dose that was absorbed (Stauber et al. 1994). The quantitative significance of the dermal absorption pathway as a contributor to lead body burden remains an uncertainty. In children who experience extensive dermal contact with lead in soil, sand, or surface water and suspended sediment (e.g., beach or shoreline exposure scenario), even a low percent absorption... 

Inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact Fate, exposure and effect are considered Organic and inorganic compounds Air, water, sediments, three soil layers, vegetation (two sub-compartments)... 

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