Pollution of Soils and Groundwater

To obtain permission to operate a pipeline, whether for long-distance transport or for intraplant operation, it must be shown that the construction and mode of operation exclude the possibility of uncontrolled release of substances into the environment during normal operation and in the event of damage or disturbances. This requires a redundant safety system, both to protect public safety by avoiding fires and explosions, and to avoid pollution of soil and groundwater and surface water. 

Biotransformation was also strongly indicated as a factor in the degradation of trichloroethylene in a case of soil and groundwater pollution (Milde et al. 1988). The only ethylenes at the point source of pollution were tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene however, substantial amounts of known metabolites of these two compounds (dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene) were found at points far from the source. Data from laboratory studies by the same group supported the study authors contention that degradation was due... 

Foster, S. S. D. 1987. Fundamental concepts in aquifer vulnerability, pollution risk, and protection strategy. In Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants, ed. W. Van Duijvenbooden and H. G. van Waegeningh. The Hague TNO Committee on Hydrological Research. 

The selection of microbiological processes for treating soils and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants requires characterization of the waste, selection of an appropriate microorganism or consortium, and information about degradation pathway and rates. This chapter will focus on ex situ processes and the selection of reactors for the treatment of soils and groundwater. 

A chief goal of this book is to help the reader understand controls on the chemical quality of surface-and subsurface-waters, both pristine and polluted. The focus is on inorganic processes and on the chemistry of soil and groundwaters, with less said about the chemistry of precipitation, surface-waters, or the ocean. The book leans heavily on the principles of chemical thermodynamics and the concept of chemical equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium, whether attainable or not, represents the reference state for purposes of explaining the concentrations of aqueous species in the hydrosphere. Concepts of chemical kinetics are introduced when they are known and seem applicable. 

The term historical burdens is used to describe anthropogenic contamination of soils and groundwater caused by manufacturing, transport or military activities since the beginning of industrialization but not by current processes. The number of detected or cases of such historical pollution is immense in Germany it is about 250 000. The funds required for cleaning up such sites and rendering them safe are considerable the present estimate is 200 billion DM (about 100 billion ECU). 

Until better solutions to the problems of disposal of animal manures have been developed, it seems to me that it is best to continue, so far as possible, to follow the age-old practice of returning the manures to the land as directly and efficiently as possible. The soil denatures the wastes more effectively than do other methods, such as the lagoon system. This efficiency, together with the conservation of natural resources, and avoidance of pollution of streams and groundwaters, constitute a strong argument for continuation of past practices even if the expense involved is higher than the value of the nutrients that are conserved. 

Winfield K. (2004). Containment of Soil and Groundwater Pollution by an Electric Barrier. 

The proposed procedure is a compact, yet mathematically simple and comprehensive approach to a risk-based assessment of soil and groundwater pollution by hazardous substances found at anthropogenic sites of urban and industrial environments. It is important to note that this procedure requires a thorough and spatially highly resolved field site characterisation to exhaustively describe the pedofacies representative for a particular site. 

Drinking Water Quality and Treatment Environmental Measurements Environmental Radioactivity Pollution, Air Pollution, Environmental Soil and Groundwater Pollution Transport and Fate of Chemicals in the Environment Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation Water Pollution... 

B.C.Arends, H.A.van der Sloot and W.van Duyvenboodea 1987. Influence of acidification on the concentration of less common trace elements in Dutch groundwater. In Vulnerability of soil and groundwater to pollutants.Eds. W van Duijvenbooden and H.G.van Waegeningh. Netherlands Organization for applied scientific research, Delft, 527-534. 

Burrows WD. 1978. Development of guidelines for contaminated soil and groundwater at U.S. Army installations. 4th Jt. Conf. Sens. Environ. Pollut., 80-82. 

The landfill liner, cover, and hydraulic barrier all belong to the subsurface pollutant engineered containment system. The liner is designed at the bottom of a landfill to contain downward leachate. The cover is designed at the top of a landfill to prevent precipitation from infiltrating into the landfill. The hydraulic barrier, or cutoff walls, is a vertical compacted earthen system to contain horizontal flow of plume. The ultimate purpose of these barriers is to isolate contaminants from the environment and, therefore, to protect the soil and groundwater from pollution originating in the landfill or polluted site. 

MNA works best where the source of pollution has been removed. For instance, buried waste must be dug up and disposed of properly. Or it can be removed using other available cleanup methods. After the source is removed, the natural processes get rid of the small amount of pollution that remains in the soil and groundwater. The soil and groundwater are monitored regularly to make sure they are cleaned up. 

AT123D (31) is a series of soil or groundwater analytical submodels, each submodel addressing pollutant transport in 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensions for saturated or unsaturated soils for chemical, radioactive waste heat pollutants and for different types of releases. The model can provide up to 450 submodel combinations in order to accommodate various conditions analytically. 

Theng BKG, Kookana RS, Rahman A (2000) Environmental concerns of pesticides in soil and groundwater and management strategies in Oceania. In Huang PM, Iskandar IK (eds) Soils and groundwater pollution and remediation-Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp 42-79... 

---