Drinking water contaminants

Alternate Water Supply to Replace Contaminated Drinking Water... 

List the various types of plant forms that can enter into and contaminate drinking water. 

Make a list of the animal forma that we are most concerned with in contaminating drinking water sources. 

Human health effects of operations. This requires assessment of such things as workplace exposures effects of exposure to air toxics, contaminated drinking water and soil and exposures during product use, misuse, and disposal. 

A British Standards draft for development has been developed which defines a test procedure to determine the potential of metals to contaminate drinking water in contravention of the requirements of the EC Directive. Although primarily meant for new materials, traditional plumbing alloys will also have to be shown to be satisfactory. 

Two of seven children who ingested methyl parathion in contaminated drinking water, and also were exposed by inhalation and possibly by dermal contact following spraying of methyl parathion inside a house, died (Dean et al. 1984). Additional details are provided in Section 3.2.1.1. 

A number of organic chlorine, or chloramine, compounds are now available for disinfection and antisepsis. These are the N-chloro (=N-C1) derivatives of, for example, sulphonamides giving compounds such as chloramine-T and dichloramine-T and halazone (Fig. 10.5), which may be used for the disinfection of contaminated drinking water. 

A study of three Michigan communities exposed to chlorinated solvents including trichloroethylene (up to 14,890 ppb) in contaminated drinking water found no increase in congenital defects (Freni and Bloomer 1988). The size of the cohort, however, was smaller than that of other studies, making statistically significant associations more difficult to identify. 

Dawson BV, Johnson PD, Goldberg SJ, et al. 1993. Cardiac teratogenesis of halogenated hydrocarbon-contaminated drinking water. J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1466-1472. 

Baker EL, Landrigan PJ, Bertozzi PE, Field PH, Basteyns BJ, Skinner HG (1978) Phenol poisoning due to contaminated drinking water. Arch Environ Health 33 89-94... 

Rowe, B.L. and H.H. Prince. 1983. Behavioral response of mallards to contaminated drinking water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30 505-510. 

Nickel-contaminated drinking water has adverse effects on rat reproduction and may neurologically affect the eyes of humans, although this needs to be verified. 

Can easily be used without explosives (e.g., contaminating drinking water supplies)... 

Endrin has also been shown to be absorbed after ingestion by humans (Coble et al. 1967 Curley et al. 1970 Kintz et al. 1992 Rowley et al. 1987 Runhaar et al. 1985 Waller et al. 1992 Weeks 1967) however, no studies were located on the rate or extent of absorption that occurs in orally exposed humans or animals. Exposure to endrin through ingestion of contaminated drinking water is not expected to be an important source of concern because the compound has only rarely been detected in drinking water (Schafer et al. 1969 Wnuk et al. 1987). Since endrin is tightly bound to soil particles, ingestion of endrin-contaminated soil, particularly by children, may be an important route of exposure near hazardous waste disposal sites that contain endrin. 

From the available data it can be concluded that mainly the polar and recalcitrant metabolites, such as centred SPC isomers, resulting from LAS degradation, reach the drinking water plant at xg L-1 levels. From the viewpoint of toxicological effects, SPC-contaminated drinking water... 

The Mann et al. (1985) study is limited in that too few animals were used, organs other than the liver were not adequately evaluated, and only males were studied. Although an adequate acute-duration oral study would be useful to corroborate or refute the thyroid effects seen in the Mann et al. (1985) study, this does not represent a data need, since an acute oral MRL has been derived. Ingestion of contaminated drinking water is expected to be the predominant route of exposure for individuals living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites. However, acute-duration inhalation and dermal studies in animals are needed to assess the potential toxicity of di- -octylphthalate following exposure via these routes because there are insufficient pharmacokinetic data available to support the extrapolation of data obtained after oral administration to other routes of exposure. 

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