Binding chemicals

State the type of chemical binding in each of the chlorides represented by the empirical formulae... 

Approximately 90% of the phthalocyanines (predominantly copper phthalocyanine) are used as pigments (qv). In addition, they have found acceptance in many types of dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble and solvent-soluble dyes with physical and chemical binding, a2o-reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and vat dyes (1) (see Dyes Dyes, reactive). 

Phthalocyanine Dyes. In addition to their use as pigments, the phthalocyanines have found widespread appHcation as dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, solvent-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, a2o reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and wet dyes. The first phthalocyanine dyes were used in the early 1930s to dye textiles like cotton (qv). The water-soluble forms Hke sodium salts of copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid. Direct Blue 86 [1330-38-7] (Cl 74180), Direct Blue 87 [1330-39-8] (Cl 74200), Acid Blue 249 [36485-85-5] (Cl 74220), and their derivatives are used to dye natural and synthetic textiles (qv), paper, and leather (qv). The sodium salt of cobalt phthalocyanine, ie. Vat Blue 29 [1328-50-3] (Cl 74140) is mostly appHed to ceUulose fibers (qv). 

A. Meisel, G. Leonhardt, and R. Szargan, X-Rcy Spectra and Chemical Binding, Springer-Vedag, New York, 1989. 

When 4-(mercaptoacetamido)diphenylamine [60766-26-9] (39) is added to EPDM mbber and mixed in a torque rheometer for 15 minutes at 150°C, 87% of it chemically binds to the elastomer (24). The mechanical and thermal stress placed on the polymer during mixing mptures the polymer chain, producing radicals that initiate the grafting process. 

In the above, ef is the energy of chemical binding of a fluid particle with the solid atom. In the calculations performed it was assumed that cr = a = I and the square mound satisfies the condition Qxp[—DJksT] 0. The bonding length of a fluid particle with the solid atom is and w is the width of the attractive square well (w was set to 0.1 in the calculations). 

R. T. Oakley, Chemical Binding Within and Between Inorganic Rings The Design and Synthesis of Molecular Conductors, Can. J. Chem., 71, 1775 (1993). 

The function of emulsifier in the emulsion polymerization process may be summarized as follows [45] (1) the insolubilized part of the monomer is dispersed and stabilized within the water phase in the form of fine droplets, (2) a part of monomer is taken into the micel structure by solubilization, (3) the forming latex particles are protected from the coagulation by the adsorption of monomer onto the surface of the particles, (4) the emulsifier makes it easier the solubilize the oligomeric chains within the micelles, (5) the emulsifier catalyzes the initiation reaction, and (6) it may act as a transfer agent or retarder leading to chemical binding of emulsifier molecules to the polymer. 

Carbon monoxide, or CO, is a highly toxic chemical that chemically binds to hemoglobin, rendering it incapable of carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body. CO is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide levels across the United States fell, on average, by 39 percent between 1989 and 1998. 

The work to dissociate an NaCl molecule into Na+ and Cl- ions in a vacuum is said to be 5.5 electron-volts see O. K. Rice, "Electronic Structure and Chemical Binding, p. 253, McGraw-Hill, 1940. 

Fluorescence lifetime measurements can increase the analytical specificity when analyzing mixtures (1-4) and can indicate changes in chemical binding of the fluorophores under various environmental conditions (5). 

The principal idea of Volkenshtein, the founder of electronic theory of chemisorption, was that chemisorbed particle and solid body form a unified quantum mechanical system. During the analysis of such systems one should account for the change in electronic state of both adparticle and the adsorbent itself [9]. In other words, in this case adsorption provides for a chemical binding of molecules with adsorbent. 

Modem trace analysis is interested in detailed information about the distribution of elements in microareas and their chemical binding forms (specia-tion). The limited sample mass implies methods with absolute detection limits as high as possible. Use of the sputtering process as a sampling technique localises the analytical zone at the outer layers of a solid, and allows analysis to progress into the interior. 

Particle Transport. Because many organic chemicals bind with aquatic particulate matter, particle transport can determine the fate of compounds. Sediment transport has been of interest to the engineering profession for many years. Many discussions of the dynamics of fluvial sediment transport have appeared in the literature (11, 12). As with hydrodynamic transport, one strategy for environmental modeling is to "piggy-back the transport of sorbed chemicals on a model of transport of the sediment phase. 

Molecular crystals come in too many varieties and mixtures of chemical binding for simple theories of their hardnesses to be feasible. This is aggravated by their relatively low symmetries, making them quite ansotropic. Rough estimates of their hardnesses can be made if their shear moduli are known using the Chin-Gilman parameter. However, the shear moduli have been measured in only a few cases. 

The environmental inorganic and organic chemicals bind to the insides and outsides of selective and regulated membrane pumps (proteins) and act as on/off switches of the pumps. 

Mulliken, R. S., Rieke, A., Orloff, D., and Orloff, H. (1949). Overlap integrals and chemical binding. /. Chem. Phys. 17, 510, and Formulas and numerical tables for overlap integrals, /. Chem. Phys. 17, 1248-1267. These two papers present the basis for calculating overlap integrals and show the extensive tables of calculated values. 

In the last case, this may be a physical problem resulting from incomplete penetration by the extraction solvent into the matrix. Alternatively, incomplete recovery of the analyte may result from chemical binding between the analyte and a constituent of the matrix. This is particularly important in the determination of drugs in body tissues where binding to proteins is known to occur. Problems of this kind are documented in the literature. If a new procedure is being developed, it is necessary to investigate the extraction step, e.g. by using radioactive tracers. 

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