Practice Questions

Which of the following routes of drug administration produces the most rapid absorption  

passive diffusion with zero-order kinetics 

passive diffusion with first-order kinetics 

The nurse is teaching the client diagnosed with angina about sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG), a coronary vasodilator. Which statement indicates the client needs more medication teaching  

I will always carry my nitroglycerin in a dark-colored bottle.  

If I have chest pain, I will put a tablet underneath my tongue.  

If my pain is not relieved with one tablet, I will get medical help.  

I should expect to get a headache after taking my nitroglycerin.  

A student preparing a solution for an experiment measured the weight of the sample solute to be used. If she is supposed to use 2 moles of calcium hydroxide, she must use  

Which of the following best represents the total number of atoms present in a sample of oxygen gas weighing 56 g  

Experiments conducted with gas discharge tubes during the late IQ century resulted in many important conclusions in atomic chemistry. Among those, one of the most important was the discovery of rays known as cathode rays. Cathode rays when passed near negative plates will most likely  

will not bend, because they are high energy radiations. 

The mass of neutrons is much less than that of electrons. 

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An important practical question is, what is the representative pipe diameter in loading circuits comprising different sizes of pipe This has a large effect on the values calculated for velocity and velocity-diameter product. As an example, static ignition of ester mist in a rail car (5-1.3.1) involved 1450 gpm through a 6-in. pipe (v = 5 m/s and vd = 0.76 mVs) followed by a short 4-in. dip pipe assembly (y = 11 m/s and vd = 1.15 mVs). Were nonconductive liquid flow rate restrictions applied to the semiconductive ester (time constant —0.01 s) involved in this fire, the flow rate based on the 4-in. pipe would be unacceptably large based either on a 7 m/s maximum velocity or a 0.80 mVs maximum vd product. However, based on the 6-in. pipe upstream the flow velocity is less than 7 m/s and also meets API s vd < 0.80 mVs criterion. 

Such an expert system can also be adapted for the evaluation of data in the published literature. However, this point raises a number of practical questions. A better exploitation of chromatographic data in this field would require an important effort to be made by analysts to constitute standards for quality control and interpretation... 

By intelligent application of these formulas, several practical questions can be answered, both at the borehole design state and while drilling. 

The general topic of this chapter is stoichiometry (stoy-key-OM-e-tree), the study of mass relations in chemistry. Whether dealing with atomic masses (Section 3.1), molar masses (Section 3.2), chemical formulas (Section 3.3), or chemical reactions (Section 3.4), you will be answering some very practical questions that ask how much or how many—." For example—... 

This practical question is of a familiar form. We wish to calculate the weight of product resulting from a specified weight of reactant. Our calculational pattern is applicable. 

The most commonly discussed and most useful modes of economic evaluation are cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses. These and other approaches share some common elements, in particular their conceptualization and measurement of costs, but differ in two main respects they measure outcomes differently, and consequently they address slightly different policy or practice questions. 

The symposium blended tutorial review papers with descriptions of field, laboratory, industrial, and regulatory problems that have been approached using chemical fate simulations. Authors presented current practices and practical questions such as material balance analysis, atmospheric processes influencing human exposure, aquatic system pathway analysis, movement in soil/groundwater media, and uptake or degradation in biota. 

The material presented earlier in this section raises several interesting practical questions. How can one optimally reconstruct the total probability distribution from... 

With the analysis above, we can answer some important practical questions related to MFEP calculations. Should an MFEP calculation be used at all How many stages are needed How should the intermediates be formulated What is the necessary sample size for each stage ... 

The practical questions concerning laser chemistry may be tersely stated. (1) Will it work If so, (2) is it interesting as opposed to being a trivial extension of known, non-laser photochemistry (3) Is it a practical tool for real chemists as opposed to full-time laser technologists And, (4) are the goods worth the price charged - is it economically worth the effort To make a long story short, the answers are (1) yes, in many but not all cases (2) yes (3) almost and (4) yes, in some cases, but the product had better be valuable. 

A practical question that arises in quantitative modeling is whether the results of a modeling study are unique. In other words, is it possible to arrive at results that differ, at least slightly, from the original ones but nonetheless satisfy the governing equations and honor the input constraints ... 

With the increasing number of publications on block copolymer micelles (a database literature search with these three associated keywords already gives more than 500 references), an exhaustive description of all previous works would not be possible in the framework of the present review. This contribution has rather as its purpose giving a general overview about block copolymer micelles for the nonspecialist and will therefore try to answer such practical questions as how does one prepare block copolymer micelles How does one characterize them What are the different types of structures that can be formed How can we predict them How does one tune the morphology of these micelles These basic questions and the corresponding answers will be illustrated by selected examples. Then, we will focus on the new directions that are currently implemented in this field. 

For the importance of this paper is the discussion of the practical question should drugs be accessible to the public ... 

Shared expertise. As you learned from your practice questions, you have certain strengths and weaknesses in the subject. If you can find a study partner with the opposite strengths and weaknesses, you can each benefit from your partner s strengths. Not only will you get help, but by offering your expertise you will build your confidence for the upcoming test. 

If you answered 8-10 questions correctly, you are a good problem solver. Read through the lesson to discover alternate methods of solution. Chances are, there will be new techniques explained that will be of benefit to you. Try all the examples and practice questions at the end of the chapter there may be different types of problems than the ten given thus far. 

Barriers to rotation about the C—N bond of /V,/V-dimethylformamide are known to be affected by concentration and the nature of the solvent. As expected, polar solvents tend to increase the barrier by stabilizing the polar structure (2). Therefore, it is not surprising that, whereas the barrier to rotation of N,N-dimethylformamide is about 21 kcal/mol in solution, the barrier becomes as low as 15.6 kcal/mol in the gas phase (32). In the practical question of isolating atropisomers, it is the magnitude of the barrier in solution that matters. 

The design of a controller depends on a model of the process. If the controller is installed on a process whose parameters are not exactly the same as the model used to design the controller, what happens to its performance Is the system unstable Is it too underdamped or too slow These are very practical questions because the parameters of any industrial process always change somewhat due to nonlinearities, changes in operating conditions, etc. 

From the point of view of the science of reverse osmosis, the fundamental question is "what governs reverse osmosis separations ". This is an intensely practical question because, to the extent this question is answered correctly, precisely, and completely, to that extent - and, to that extent only - the applications and technology of reverse osmosis can be made effective. Further, this overriding question becomes specially significant when one considers the obvious potential applications of reverse osmosis, and their immense social relevance in the context of today. 

It is seen from the discussion above that Cu is electrodeposited in vias and trenches on a bilayer a barrier metaVCu seed layer. When the barrier layer is composed of two layers (e.g., TiN/Ti), Cu is electrodeposited as a trilayer a barrier bilayer/Cu seed layer. This type of underlayer for electrodeposition of Cu raises a series of interesting theoretical and practical questions of considerable significance regarding the reliability of interconnects on chips. In Section 19.1 we have noted that interconnect reliability depends on the microstructural attributes of electrodeposited Cu (for Cu-based interconnects). These microstractural attributes, such as grain size, grain size distribution, and texture, determine the mechanical and physical properties of the thin films. Thus, one basic question in the foregoing series of questions is the problem of the influence of the underlayer barrier metal on the microstructure of the Cu seed layer. The second question is the influence of the microstructure of the Cu seed layer on the structure... 

The key practical question is How can the sample size be quantified Initial approaches to answering this question were provided by Grossfield et al. [1] and by Lyman and Zuckerman [10]. Grossfield et al. employed a bootstrap analysis to a set of 26 independent trajectories for rhodopsin, extending the previous... 

In a general way, the question about the versatility of adult stem cells comes down to whether the library of genetic instructions is irreversibly changed as cells specialize, and whether some parts then become unusable. This is a fundamental question that scientists have been studying for many years, and the answers are not yet certain. It is also a practical question, since if stem cells from one or more adult tissue are pluripotent, then such cells might be taken from an individual and used to repair and replace any, or at least many, of his or her tissues that are not working correctly. 

You survived all the practice questions on naming compounds. Now enjoy seeing how spot-on correct your answers were. 

You ve answered the practice questions on gas behavior. Were your answers ideal ... 

Memorization is much easier if you approach the task with the expectation that you will remember what you see. Call it positive thinking, self-hypnosis, or concentration— it doesn t really matter as long as you get results. When you run through the practice questions in this book, prepare your mind before you start. Tell yourself over and over that you will remember what you see as you study the images. Your performance level will rise to meet your expectations. 

When confronted with any practical question concerning the environmental behavior of an organic chemical, one obviously needs to be able to quantify each of the individual processes occurring in the system considered. Quite often it may be relatively easy to... 

More practical questions are whether introduced GEMs will survive in polluted matrices, or whether their continued viability will dramatically affect the success of remediation. A recent development in this area is the isolation of bacterial strains which can respond to selective agents under field conditions. These strains have been called field application vectors or FAVs, since their intended purpose is to express foreign genes in environments not conducive to the use of the parent organism (Lajoie et al., 1993). The proposed use of FAVs illustrates the need to control bacterial growth and survival under the real-world conditions where bacterial remediation has to occur. 

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