Combustion Technology

Fuel-bound NO. is formed at low as well as high temperatures. However, part of the fuel nitrogen is directly reacted to N2. Moreover, N2O and N2O4 are also formed in various reactions and add to the complexity of the formation. It is virtually impossible to calculate a precise value for the NO, emitted by a real combustion device. NO, emissions depend not only on the type of combustion technology but also on its size and the type of fuel used. 

Combustion aids Combustion emissions Combustion technology Combustion turbines Comedos... 

H. B. Palmer and J. M. Beer, ed.. Combustion Technology—Some Modem developments. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1974. 

M. A. DeLuchi, E. D. Laison, and R. H. WiUiams, Hjdrogen andMethanol Production and Use in Fuel Cell andintemal Combustion Engine Vehicles—-A preliminary Assessment, Vol. 12, Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector, ASME, Fuels and Combustion Technologies Division, New York, 1991, pp. 55-70. 

PGM catalyst technology can also be appHed to the control of emissions from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Catalysts have been designed to treat carbon monoxide, unbumed hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, which arise as a result of incomplete combustion. To reduce or prevent the formation of NO in the first place, catalytic combustion technology based on platinum or palladium has been developed, which is particularly suitable for appHcation in gas turbines. Environmental legislation enacted in many parts of the world has promoted, and is expected to continue to promote, the use of PGMs in these appHcations. 

Eur. Pat. 216,635 (April 1, 1982), S. Berenyi (to Eusion Aided Combustion Technology International Corp.). 

Sohd fuels are burned in a variety of systems, some of which are similar to those fired by Hquid fuels. In this article the most commonly burned soHd fuel, coal, is discussed. The main coal combustion technologies are fixed-bed, eg, stokers, for the largest particles pulverized-coal for the smallest particles and fluidized-bed for medium size particles (99,100) (see Coal). 

When NO destmction efficiencies approaching 90% are required, some form of post-combustion technology appHed downstream of the combustion 2one is needed to reduce the NO formed during the combustion process. Three post-combustion NO control technologies are utilized selective catalytic reduction (SCR) nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR) and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). 

Charles E. Benson, M.Eng., M.E., Director, Combustion Technology, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Combustion Institute (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)... 

Advances in combustion technology now make it possible to control the levels of NOx production at source, removing the need for wet controls. This of course opened up the market for the gas turbine to operate in areas with limited supplies of suitable quality water, e.g., deserts or marine platforms. 

Although water injection is still used, dry control combustion technology has become the preferred method for the major players in the industrial power generation market. DLN (Dry Low NOx) was the first acronym to be coined, but with the requirement to control NOx without increasing carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons this has now become DLL (Dry Low Emissions). 

Greenwood, S.A., Low Emission Combustion Technology for Stationary Gas Turbine Engines, Proceedings of the 29th Turbomachinery Symposium, September 2000. 

The use of more efficient technologies or process changes can reduce PIC emissions. Advanced coal combustion technologies such as coal gasification and fiuidized-bed combustion are examples of cleaner processes that may lower PICs by approximately 10%. Enclosed coal crushers and grinders emit lower PM. 

It has been emphasised in the earlier chapters that the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine increases with its maximum nominal temperature, which was denoted as T. Within limits this statement is true for all gas turbine-based cycles and can be sustained, although not indefinitely, as long as the optimum pressure ratio is selected for any value of Ty, further the specific power increases with T. However, in practice higher maximum temperature requires improved combustion technology, particularly if an increase in harmful emissions such as NO is to be avoided. 

This paper discusses packaging derived fuel (PDF), and aims to provide indications of possibilities for cocombustion of PDF in several European countries. National energy profiles are reviewed in order to evaluate the amount of solid fuel used, then the sourcing and preparation of PDF is evaluated and the cost estimated. The paper then discusses the relevant available combustion technologies, including cost estimates for retrofit. Finally, the market potential for PDF is indicated. 4 refs. 

Since 1967, the International Colloquia on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS) were organized in addition to the Combustion Symposia. ICDERS was initiated by a group of visionary combustion scientists (Numa Manson, Antoni K. Oppenheim, and Rem Soloukhin). They considered the subject of these colloquia to be important to the future of combustion technology and control of global environmental emission. 

Comparisons of heat-release rates and combustion photographs obtained in the HSCI engine (conventional) and Premixed Cl engine (MK). (From Kimura, S., Aoki, O., Kitahara, Y., and Aiyoshizawa, E., Ultra-Clean Combustion Technology Combining a Low-Temperature and Premixed Combustion Concept for Meeting Future Emissions Standards, SAE, 2001-01-0200,2001. With permission.)... 

Enhanced oil-recovery processes include chemical and gas floods, steam, combustion, and electric heating. Gas floods, including immiscible and miscible processes, are usually defined by injected fluids (carbon dioxide, flue gas, nitrogen, or hydrocarbon). Steam projects involve cyclic steam (huff and puff) or steam drive. Combustion technologies can be subdivided into those that autoignite and those that require a heat source at injectors [521]. 

Rizeq G., West ]., Frydman A., Subia R., Zamansky V. and Das K., Advanced Gasification-Combustion Technology for Production of Hydrogen Power and Sequestration-ready C02, Gasification Technologies 2003, Oct. 12-15, San Francisco, CA, 2003. 

Rizeq, G. et al., Advanced gasification-combustion technology for production of hydrogen, power and sequestration-ready COz, Presented at Gasification Technologies 2003, San Francisco, CA, October 12-15, 2003. 

Rizeq, R.G. et al., Fuel-Flexible Gasification-Combustion Technology for Production ofH2 and Sequestration-Ready C02, Annual Technical Progress Report to DOE, 2002. 

Gasification is not an incineration or combustion process. Rather, it is a conversion process that produces more valuable and useful products from carbonaceous material. Table 1.1 compares the general features of gasification and combustion technologies. 

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