Serum, enzyme activity levels

Decrease in neonatal survival and growth after 62 days. After 2 years, no evidence of carcinogenicity, but adverse effects on adult growth and serum enzyme activity levels (Schwetz etal. 1978)... 

Serum alkaline phosphatase elevations have been reported following administration of salt-poor albumin (B5). Placenta is very rich in a heat-stable alkaline phosphatase, and albumin prepared from placental blood has a high activity of this enzyme. In one cirrhotic patient who received 1-6 units per day of albumin obtained from pooled human blood and/or human placenta, the alkaline phosphatase before infusion was 5 Bodansky units and by the thirteenth day of administration had reached a value of 160 units. The physician administering the albumin at first thought the patient was having a severe toxic liver reaction and stopped the therapy. The alkaline phosphatase then started to go down and within 10 days returned to normal levels. Analysis of the albumin indicated that it contained 470 units of alkaline phosphatase activity and was probably responsible for the observed elevations in the serum enzyme activity. Albumin prepared from venous blood did not cause an alkaline phosphatase elevation, but placenta-albumin caused elevations with a half-life of about 8 days (Ml). 

Intramuscular injections have been shown to produce elevations in serum enzyme activities presumably due to either inflammatory areas in the muscle or actual breakdown of cells and release of enzyme. In one study, preinjection values of creatine phosphokinase were in the normal range of 24-100 units. Multiple intramuscular injections of penicillin, diuretics, and narcotics every 6 hours caused the creatine phosphokinase values to rise to levels between 160 to 240 units, or up to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal. When the injections were stopped, the creatine phosphokinase values returned to normal within 48 hours (B7). Similar observations of aspartate aminotransferase activities were made in patients receiving intramuscular injections of penicillin every 4 hours. Activities rose to values as high as 200 units. Other workers have reported injection related serum creatine phosphokinase elevations following intramuscular administration of chlorpromazine and suxamethonium (HIO, M11,T6). 

M15. Mossberg, S. M., Bloom, P., Berkowitz, J., and Ross, G., Serum enzyme activities following morphine A study of transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in normal peraons and those with gall bladder disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 109, 429-437 (1962). 

Biochemically, I-cell disease is characterized by excessive secretion of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes into body fluids and concomitant loss of respective intracellular activities in fibroblasts. Shown in Table 17-1 are representative lysosomal enzyme activity levels in serum from patients with I-cell disease and those with the closely related disorder pseudo-Hurler poly dystrophy, indicating significantly increased levels of lysosomal enzyme activity. Germane to the biochemical diagnosis is the characteristic pattern of lysosomal enzyme deficiency in cultured fibroblasts, that is, an increase in the ratio of extracellular to intracellular enzyme activity (Table 17-2). It is interesting to note that not all lysosomal (i.e. intracellular)... 

Figure 3. Schematic representation of five enzyme activity levels in blood serum as a result of various liver diseases. These data (28) do not show the large range in values among individuals. GOT, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase GPT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase GlDH, glutamate dehydrogenase LDH, lactate dehydrogenase P, alkaline phosphatase.

The question of whether low serum alkaline phosphatase activities are the cause or the effect of the skeletal deformities remains unanswered. However, a condition known as pseudohypophosphatasia has been described, in which all the clinical features of hypophosphatasia are present but the enzyme activity levels in serum are normal (S20). 

Coronary atherosclerosis is accompanied by increased levels of the enzyme (Miller e,t aL, 1955, 196(ia) possibly the value appears to correlate with susceptibility of the species (man, swine, pigeon, chicken, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, and dog) to spontaneous or induced atherosclerosis. Generally the /J-glucuronidasc activity increased with the intensity of the atherosclerosis, but there wa.s no obvious correlation between this activity and the age of the individual. A comparison of the serum enzyme activity between atherosclerosis and diabetes has been made (H enfeld and Wahl berg, I %5 Woolen and Turner, 1965a). 

Buttar, H. S., Nera, E. A. and Downie, R. H. (1976) Serum enzyme activities and hepatic triglyceride levels in acute and subacute acetaminophen-treated rats. Toxicology, 6,9. 

Keane NM, Price P, Lee S et al (2001) An evaluation of serum soluble CD30 levels and serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity as markers of type 2 and type 1 cytokines in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 126 111-116 Khan MZ, Brandimarti R, Shimizu S et al (2008) The chemokine CXCL12 promotes survival of postmitotic neurons by regulating Rb protein. Cell Death Differ 15(10) 1663-1672... 

For clinical chemistry the most important question is whether or not changes in enzyme activity will accompany defined disease states, the materials being obtainable by ways practicable in clinical medicine. The enzyme levels of G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH are assayed in serum, blood (hemolyzates), and liver homogenates yielded by biopsy. In the latter case it is necessary most of all to take account of the probable differences between the assay conditions and the steady state. Furthermore, the reference system is of decisive importance (e.g., cellularity... 

A 6-month-old infant is seen in the emei ency room with a fractured rib and subdural hematoma. The child s hair is thin, colorless, and tangled. His serum copper level is 5.5 nM (normal for age, 11-12 nM). Developmental delay is prominent. A deficiency of vhich enzyme activity most dosely relates to these symptoms ... 

Opiates can effect serum levels of enzymes and other substances whose homeostatic control depends on clearance through the liver (F8, G12, M15, N4, S19). In one reported case, the aspartate aminotransferase was within normal limits before the administration of codeine, but within 2 hours after the drug, the enzyme activity had risen to two times the normal value by 8 hours to eight times the normal activity, and within 24 hours it had returned to normal (F8). Increases in transaminase to levels 5-85 times the control value have been reported in 6 of 16 patients with disease of the biliary tree following the administration of codeine phosphate (2 grains) (B7, F8). Gross has shown that morphine, codeine, or mepheridine administration produce elevations of serum amylase or lipase (G12). These elevations have been attributed to constriction of the sphincter of Oddi and increased intraductal pressure on the pancreatic duct (G12, N4). 

Hepatic Effects. An animal study revealed that hexachlorobutadiene can affect the liver. However, the effects were less serious compared to effects in the kidney at the same dose. Liver weights were decreased in female rats fed 5 mg/kg/day or greater hexachlorobutadiene for 4 weeks (Jonker et al. 1993b). Histological examinations were not performed. However, evaluation of serum biochemical parameters in males revealed increased enzyme activity (aspartate aminotransferase, p <0.02) and total bilirubin levels (p<0.02) at doses of 20 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested). 

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of LLLT on oxidative markers in serum and tissue biopsies of healing ulcers before and after the 8th session of an LLLT course of chronic leg ulcer treatment. Oxidative damage was assessed in terms of lipid peroxidation reflected by serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, protein oxidation was measured in terms of tissue protein carbonyls (PCb), and DNA damage was measured in terms of DNA fragmentation. Antioxidative activity was estimated by measuring activity of SOD, GPX and CAT enzymes. 

In the case of rat and human-breast cancer, an increase in serum-sialyltransferase activity is considered to be the consequence of both increased production and release, the latter perhaps through cell-surface shedding of the enzyme from the metastasizing, mammary-tumor cells.290 Accordingly, release of large amounts of sialyltransferase from hepatoma cell-lines derived from patients having hepatocellular carcinoma was observed, in contrast to cell lines derived from nomial human-liver.291 An increased level of sialyltransferase has been observed in regenerating rat-liver.292... 

Some cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported to be associated with exposure to coumarin. One possible case was reported by Beinssen (1994) and six by Loprinzi et al. (1997). Marshall et al. (1994) reported one case in which elevated serum aminotransferase levels were measured in a patient given 5 g coumarin per day. In two lymphoedema patients given 90 mg coumarin per day for five months, Koch et al. (1997) reported elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Faurschou (1982) reported a case of toxic hepatitis in a patient given coumarin daily for eight weeks, which was characterized by hepatomegaly and elevated serum enzyme levels. All signs of liver toxicity returned to normal on cessation of treatment. 

Efficacy Autologous HSC gene therapy and non- myeloablative conditioning in two conditioning in two ADA-SCID patients In both patients, the number of PBLs, serum IgM, IgA and IgG levels, mRNA expression of the ADA vector, intracellular ADA enzymatic activity in PBLs, and erythrocyte enzyme activity indicated a reconstitution of -cell functions, as well as an amelioration of the metabolic pattern. 515130... 

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