Aminotransferase, aspartate

Enzymes, measured in clinical laboratories, for which kits are available include y-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine transferase [9000-86-6] (ALT), aldolase, a-amylase [9000-90-2] aspartate aminotransferase [9000-97-9], creatine kinase and its isoenzymes, galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase, Hpase, malate dehydrogenase [9001 -64-3], 5 -nucleotidase, phosphohexose isomerase, and pymvate kinase [9001-59-6]. One example is the measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, where the reaction is followed by monitoring the loss of NADH ... 

Carbonic anhydrase Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) Amino groups Aspartate aminotransferase... 

FIGURE 14.22 Glutamate aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme conforming to a double-displacement bisnbstrate mechanism. Glutamate aspartate aminotransferase is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. The pyridoxal serves as the —NH, acceptor from glntamate to form pyridoxamine. Pyridoxamine is then the amino donor to oxaloacetate to form asparate and regenerate the pyridoxal coenzyme form. (The pyridoxamine enzyme is the E form.)... 

ALT, alanine aminotransferase ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protei containing a CARD AST, aspartate aminotransferase CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domains CD, Crohn s disease COP, CARD-only protein DD, death domain DED, death effector domains DIABLO, direct LAP-binding protein with low pi... 

Pyridoxamine phosphate serves as a coenzyme of transaminases, e.g., lysyl oxidase (collagen biosynthesis), serine hydroxymethyl transferase (Cl-metabolism), S-aminolevulinate synthase (porphyrin biosynthesis), glycogen phosphoiylase (mobilization of glycogen), aspartate aminotransferase (transamination), alanine aminotransferase (transamination), kynureninase (biosynthesis of niacin), glutamate decarboxylase (biosynthesis of GABA), tyrosine decarboxylase (biosynthesis of tyramine), serine dehydratase ((3-elimination), cystathionine 3-synthase (metabolism of methionine), and cystathionine y-lyase (y-elimination). 

When administering the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the fibric acid derivatives, the nurse monitors the patient s fiver function by obtaining serum transaminase levels before the drug regimen is started, at 6 and 12 weeks, then periodically thereafter because of the possibility of liver dysfunction with the drugs. If aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increase to three times normal, the primary care provider in notified immediately because the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy may be discontinued. 

Aminotransferases Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, or SCOT) Alanine aminotransferase (ALTorSGPT) Myocardial infarction Viral hepatitis... 

Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, y-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin may be elevated in patients with hepatobiliary disease. 

Hepatocellular damage manifests as elevated serum aminotransferases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)]. The degree of transaminase elevation does not correlate with the remaining functional metabolic capacity of the liver. An AST level two-fold higher than ALT is indicative of alcoholic liver damage. 

ALT, alanine aminotransferase AST, aspartate aminotransferase GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase INR, international normalized ratio LDH, lactate dehydrogenase PT, prothrombin time. 

Interferon beta 1a (Rebif) 44 meg SQ Three times per week Flu-like symptoms 28% Injection site reactions 66% Leukopenia 22% Increased aspartate aminotransferase/ alanine transaminase 1 7-27%... 

Interferon beta 1b (Betaseron) 0.25 mg SQ Every other day Flu-like symptoms 60-76% Injection site reactions 50-85% Asthenia 49% Menstrual disorder 1 7% Leukopenia 1 0-1 6% Increased aspartate aminotransferase/ alanine transaminase 4-1 9%... 

Tolcapone has been associated with several cases of severe liver failure, including fatalities, and has been removed from the market in some countries. Thus, it should only be used in patients who cannot take or do not respond to entacapone. Serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations should be monitored at baseline, then every 2 to 4 weeks for 6 months, and then periodically for the remainder of therapy. Patients who fail to show symptomatic benefit after 3 weeks should discontinue tolcapone. Entacapone has not been associated with liver damage, so monitoring of liver enzymes is not currently recommended.24,25,29... 

The patient is started on fluconazole 400 mg/day, but 3 days later has persistent fever and develops hypotension and decreased urine output. Blood cultures reveal a germ tube-negative yeast growing in the blood. Laboratory studies revealed a white blood cell count of 12,300/mm3 (12x109/L), aspartate aminotransferase 68 IU/L (1.13 pKat/L), alanine aminotransferase 75 IU/L (1.25 pKat/L), alkaline phosphatase 168 IU/L (2.8 pKat/L), and normal bilirubin. Serum creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL (159 pmol/L). 

TC, lamivudine ABC, abacavir APV, amprenavir AST, aspartate aminotransferase ALT, alanine aminotransferase ATV, atazanavir CBC, complete blood cell count D/C, discontinue ddl, didano-sine d4T, stavudine EFV, efavirenz FTC, emtricitabine P1BV, hepatitis B virus F1CV, hepatitis C vims HIV, human immunodeficiency virus IDV, indinavir IV, intravenous LFT, liver function tests LPV/r, lopinavir + ritonavir NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NVP, nevirapine PI, protease inhibitor PT, prothrombin time T.bili, total bilirubin TDF, tenofovir disoproxiI fumarate TPV, tipranavir ULN, upper limit of normal ZDV, zidovudine. 

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium Albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), X X X ... 

Brunger AT (1988) Crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing. Application to a 2.8 A resolution structure of aspartate aminotransferase. J Mol Biol 203(3) 803-816... 

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