Serum enzymes

The primary health care provider may also order laboratory and diagnostic tests, renal and hepatic function tests, complete blood count, serum enzymes, and serum electrolytes. The nurse reviews these test results before the first dose is given and reports any abnormalities to the primary health care provider. The patient is usually placed on a cardiac monitor before aiitiarrhytiuiric drug therapy is initiated. The primary health care provider may order an ECG to provide baseline data for comparison during therapy. 

Golbs S, Fuchs V, Leipner E, et al. 1978c. [Studies into effects of pesticide combinations in laboratory rats. 3rd communication Experiments about influence on different serum enzymes]. Arch Exp Vet Med Leipzig 32 569-577. (German)... 

Siddiqui MKJ, Rahman MF, Anjum F, et al. 1987b. Effect of oral administration of endosulfan on some hematological parameters and serum enzymes in rats. Pesticides 21 25-27. 

Following massive crush injury, myoglobin released from damaged muscle fibers colors the urine dark red. Myoglobin can be detected in plasma following a myocardial infarction, but assay of serum enzymes (see Chapter 7) provides a more sensitive index of myocardial injury. 

Table 7-2. Principal serum enzymes used in clinical diagnosis. Many of the enzymes are not specific for the disease listed.

Sample Collection and Enzyme Stability. Serum samples are collected with chemically clean, sterile glassware. Blood is allowed to clot at room temperature, the clot is gently separated from the test tube with an applicator stick, and the blood is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1,000 g. If the red cells are known to contain the enzymes whose activity is being measured, as in the case of LD, even slightly hemolyzed serums must be discarded. When acid phosphatase is to be measured, the serum should be placed immediately in ice and processed as soon as possible, or it should be acidified by the addition of a small amount of sodium citrate. Anticoagulants such as EDTA, fluoride and oxalate inhibit some serum enzymes. However, heparin activates serum lipoprotein lipase. 

Schwartz, M. R. Greenberg, E. and Bodansky, 0. Comparative values of phosphatases and other serum enzymes in following patients with prostatic carcinoma. Cancer (1963), 16, 583-594. 

Konietzko H, Reill G. 1980. The effect of trichloroethylene on some serum enzymes and on the cytoenzymological activity in leucocytes and on the acid base equilibrium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 47 61-67. 

Nabors CJ, Berliner DL, Stevens W. 1967. Preliminary comparison of the effects of241 Am and 239Pu on serum enzymes. In Research in radiobiology Annual report of work in progress in the Internal Irradiation Program. Utah Radiobiology Division of the Department of Anatomy, University of Utah College of Medicine, 97-127. Contract No. AT(11-1)-119. 

Liver toxicity, as evidenced by alterations in the incorporation of lysine into liver proteins, was observed in rats administered 192 mg lead/kg/day by gavage as lead acetate for 9 weeks (Barratt et al. 1989). No effects were observed at 21 mg lead/kg/day. However, the toxicological significance of this finding is not known because neither serum enzymes nor histopathological evaluations were performed. 

Information regarding human exposures to dimethylhydrazine are limited to a few case reports. Although case reports provide qualitative data regarding signs and symptoms of exposure, no exposure concentration data or precise exposure duration data were reported. Signs and symptoms of exposure included respiratory effects, nausea, vomiting, neurologic effects, pulmonary edema, and increased serum enzyme levels (reviewed in Trochimowicz et al. 1994). 

Dietary equivalent of 36 mg/kg BW daily for 7 weeks Decreased hemoglobin, altered serum enzyme activity 5... 

Nickel sulfide 7 mg/kg BW Disrupted serum enzyme activity 28... 

Elevated blood and serum enzyme levels in rats fed 0.5 mg mirex/kg ration for 28 days (Yarbrough et al. 1981)... 

Decrease in neonatal survival and growth after 62 days. After 2 years, no evidence of carcinogenicity, but adverse effects on adult growth and serum enzyme activity levels (Schwetz etal. 1978)... 

Selenomethionine group had altered immune function, altered serum enzyme activities, and elevated concentrations of selenium in liver (4 times control values) and breast muscle (14 times). Sodium selenite-treated birds had normal immune function and selenium tissue burdens however, serum enzyme activity was disrupted in the 3.5 mg/L group Adults normal. Impaired reproduction (reduced survival of ducklings, increased developmental abnormalities) for selenomethionine occurs between 4 and 8 mg/kg ration selenocysteine did not impair reproduction at 16 mg Se/kg ration... 

Wll. West, M., Berger, C., Rony, H., and Zimmerman, H. J., Serum enzymes in disease. VI. Glutathione reductase in sera of normal subjects and of patients with various diseases. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 57, 946-954 (1961). 

None of the exposures produced changes in clinical chemistry values (blood count, blood nitrate, blood urea nitrogen, serum enzymes, and serum electrolytes or urinalysis and nitrate and nitrite urinary excretion), spontaneous electrical activity of the cortex of the brain (detected by EEG), pulse rate and sinus rhythm, or pulmonary function. Visual and auditory acuity, exercise EKG, and time estimation tests did not differ from control values for any of the exposures. Only one of several cognitive tests was affected by exposure and the change occurred only in the four subjects exposed at 1.5 ppm. The test was taken during the time the subjects were experiencing severe headaches. 

No studies were located regarding the health effects of endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone in humans following oral exposure. Limited data from a feeding study in rats suggest that endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone can cause hepatic effects (elevated serum enzymes) (Young and Mehendale 1986). 

Very little published information is available about the interaction of endrin with other chemicals. The toxicity of endrin may be influenced by interactions with other chemicals and physical agents. Quails treated with endrin and chlordane had significantly lower endrin residues in brain tissue (p<0.025) than birds treated with endrin alone (Ludke 1976). The authors attributed this difference to the presence and accumulative toxic action of one or more of the chlordane components in the nervous system. Dietary endrin pretreatment potentiated CC14 hepatotoxicity, producing slight elevation of the serum enzymes... 

Thus a distinction was provided between simple esterases, such as fiver esterase, which catalysed the hydrolysis of simple aliphatic esters but were ineffective towards choline esters. The term 1 cholinesterase was extended to other enzymes, present in blood sera and erythrocytes of other animals, including man, and in nervous tissue, which catalysed the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. It was assumed that only one enzyme was involved until Alles and Hawes2 found that the enzyme present in human erythrocytes readily catalysed the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, but was inactive towards butyrylcholine. Human-serum enzyme, on the other hand, hydrolyses butyrylcholine more rapidly than acetylcholine. The erythrocyte enzyme is sometimes called true cholinesterase, whereas the serum enzyme is sometimes called pseudo-cholinesterase. Stedman,3 however, prefers the names a-cholinesterase for the enzyme more active towards acetylcholine, and / -cholinesterase for the one preferentially hydrolysing butyrylcholine. Enzymes of the first type play a fundamental part in acetylcholine metabolism in vivo. The function of the second type in vivo is obscure. Not everyone agrees with the designation suggested by Stedman. It must also be stressed that enzymes of one type from different species are not always identical in every respect.4 Furthermore,... 

Serum enzyme activities lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and aspartate ... 

H. Bundgaard, J. Mpss, Prodrugs of Peptides. 6. Bioreversible Derivatives of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) with Increased Lipophilicity and Resistance to Cleavage by the TRH-Specific Serum Enzyme , Pharm. Res. 1990, 7, 885-892. 

F. M. Williams, Serum Enzymes of Drug Metabolism , Pharmacol. Ther. 1987, 34, 99-109. 

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