Placenta human

ADP-Ribosyl transferase (from human placenta) [9026-30-6]. Purified by making an affinity absorbent for ADP-ribosyltransferase by coupling 3-aminobenzamide to Sepharose 4B. [Burtscher et al. Anal Biochem 152 285 1986.]... 

Endothelial NO Synthase (eNOS) expression is relatively specific for endothelial cells. However, the isozyme has also been detected in certain neurons of the brain, in syncytiotrophoblasts of human placenta and in LLC-PKi kidney tubular epithelial cells. 

Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is extracted from human placentas. The actions of HCG are identical to those of the pituitary LH. The hormone is used to induce ovulation in anovulatory women. This drug is also used for the treatment of prepubertal cryptorchism (failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum) and in men to treat selected cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. 

V al-Met-Ser-Asp-T rp-Ala-Ala-His-His-Ala-Gly-Val-)S-D-Glucosidase A (bitter almonds) lle-Thr-Glx-Glx-Val-Phe-Gly-Asp-Ser-(Ala, Asxj, Glx, Pro)-Lys ff-D-Glucosidase (human placenta, lysosomal) -Val-Ala-Ser-Gln-Lys-Asn-Asp-Leu-Asp-Ala-Val-Ala-a-D-Glucosidase (sucrase, rabbit small intestine) -lle-Asp-Met-Asn-Glu-Pro-Asn-a-D-Glucosidase (isomaltase, rabbit small intestine) -Gly-Gly-Gln-lle-Asp-Met-)ff-D-Galactosidase (Escherichia co//) -Ser-Leu-Gly-Asn-Glu-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Ala-... 

Kulanthaivel et al. [28] found that the apical Na /H exchanger in human placenta (sensitive-type) was sensitive to phenylarsine oxide, a reagent specific for dithiols that are situated in close proximity (vicinal dithiols). Moreover, the effect of phenylarsine oxide was to decrease without affecting apparent affinity for... 

Analysis of Biological Samples 14.8.8.1 Human Placenta Sample... 

Human placenta (20 g) was completely dried at 105°C, crumbled, and a portion (5 g) was minerahzed by treating with nitric acid (12 M, 15 ml) at 110°C in a Teflon bomb. After mineralization, the contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 1.0 ml of distilled water (termed sample A). An aliquot (10 pi) was chromatographed on RP-18 using MeOH -f HjO + CH3COOH (25 15 2) as the mobile phase. The separated spots of the metals were visualized by spraying the... 

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) is present in human placenta and monocytes (37, 42). The single-chain inhibitor molecule (sPAI-2) inhibits both two-chain u-PA and two-chain t-PA. Its inhibition is 10 times greater for two-chain u-PA compared with two-chain t-PA and it inhibits single-chain t-PA only minimally (37). Plasma concentrations of PAI-2 up to 2 p,M have been observed in the third trimester of pregnancy (42). 

Wibberlev DG, Khera AK, Edwards JH. et al. 1977. Lead levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births. J Med Genet 14 339-345. 

Campbell, F.M., Gordan, M.J., Taffasse, S. and Dutta-Roy, A.K. (1995) Plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein from human placenta identification and characterization. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 209, 1011-1017. 

Griffiths, M., et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a nitrobenzylfhioinosine-insensitive (ei) equilibrative nucleoside transporter from human placenta. Biochem. J. 1997, 328, 739-743. 

St-Pierre, M. V., etal. Characterization of an organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP-B) in human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87, 1856-1863. 

Tanabe M, Ieiri I, Nagata N, Inoue K, Ito S, Kanamori Y et al. Expression of P-glycoprotein in human placenta relation to genetic polymorphism of the multidrug resistance (MDR)-l gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 297(3) 1137-1143. 

MacFarland, A., Abramovich, D.R., Ewen, S.W. and Pearson, C.K. (1994) Stage-specific distribution of P-glycoprotein in first-trimester and full-term human placenta. The Histochemical Journal, 26, 417-423. 

Gil, S., Saura, R., Forestier, F. and Farinotti, R. (2005) P-glycoprotein expression of the human placenta during pregnancy. Placenta, 26, 268-270. 

G-CSF receptors are also found on human myeloid leukaemia cells, leu-kaemic cell lines, human placenta, trophoblastic cells, vascular endothelial... 

T. Vo-Dinh, J. P. Alarie, R. W. Johnson, M. J. Sepaniak, and R. M. Santella, Evaluation of the fiber-optic antibody-based fluoroimmunosensor for DNS abducts in human placenta samples, Clin. Chem. 37, 532-535 (1991). 

The human placenta expresses a number of nutrient and efflux transporters, as well as metabolic enzymes. Information about the placental function and regulation of these systems, and how they interact with the administered drug, can help to target them appropriately so as to limit fetal exposure to harmful substances. 

The degree of exposure of the fetus to a particular substance can be best assessed in human subjects, but concerns of fetal safety have restricted the use of this approach. Moreover, clinical studies cannot elucidate the various mechanisms that contribute to transplacental transport of a particular compound. There are many structural differences between the human placenta and the placenta of other mammalian species, which complicates extrapolation of data obtained from in vivo animal models to humans [7], Thus, several ex vivo and in vitro techniques have been developed to study the placental role in drug transfer and metabolism during pregnancy and there are some excellent articles that discuss these systems in detail [7], Both isolated tissues and various cell culture techniques are currently in use and these have been summarized below. 

Of all the models, the ex vivo perfused placenta most closely resembles the in vivo situation, because it retains the placental organization. It has been used to estimate drug transport across the placenta [23, 24], The cotyledon is the anatomical unit of the placenta and at term, the human placenta contains about 20-30 cotyledons. In the perfused placenta technique, term placentas are... 

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