Normal limits

The normal limit for lignin removal in the digester is set both by pulp strength requirements, usually indicated by pulp viscosity, and by yield requirements. As noted earlier, direct control of hydroxide and hydrosulftde concentrations can maximize lignin removal while maintaining pulp strength. 

The results processor computes the test results from the raw data furnished by the AP and coUates these results together with the demographic patient data into test reports. Test results falling outside normal limits are flagged on the report to speed up the diagnosis process. These data managers can also store thousands of patient reports in their current memory. Some of the more sophisticated systems also store the actual reaction curves used to determine the test results. 

Flows are typically considered compressible when the density varies by more than 5 to 10 percent. In practice compressible flows are normally limited to gases, supercritical fluids, and multiphase flows containing gases. Liquid flows are normally considerea incompressible, except for certain calculations involved in hydraulie transient analysis (see following) where compressibility effects are important even for nearly incompressible hquids with extremely small density variations. Textbooks on compressible gas flow include Shapiro Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compre.ssible Fluid Flow, vol. 1 and 11, Ronald Press, New York [1953]) and Zucrow and Hofmann (G .s Dynamics, vol. 1 and 11, Wiley, New York [1976]). 

From the foregoing discussion, it should be clear that cylinder capacity-can be controlled. While the automatic control is normally limited to certain finite steps, the steps can be selected in size or number to minimize any adverse effect especially in conjunction with prudent use of the variable volume pocket. 

The dehydrogenation reaction is an extremely rapid endothermic reaction which converts alkylcyclohexanes to aromatics almost quantitatively. It is promoted by the catalyst platinum function and is so rapid that it is normally limited by diffusion into the catalyst particle. 

They are normally limited to a maximum inlet temperature of 250 °C by the "D" ring piston seals. 

Canister-type adsorbers differ from fixed-bed units in that they are normally limited to the removal of low-volume, intermittent gas streams, such as storage-tank vent gases. Process economics usually dictate whether regenera-ble or throw-away canisters are appropriate. Each canister unit consists of a vessel, adsorbent, fan (not always necessary), inlet connection and distributor, and an outlet connection for the purified gas. The disadvantage in using canisters is that poor operating efficiencies result if the adsorber becomes saturated. Because the adsorber will probably be disposed of, there is a temptation to operate it until the adsorber is saturated. Unlike fixed-bed units, the concentration of the outlet gases is not usually monitored. ... 

Samples and reference substances should be dissolved in the same solvents to ensure that comparable substance distribution occurs in all the starting zones. In order to keep the size of the starting zones down to a minimum (diameter TLC 2 to 4 mm, HPTLC 0.5 to 1 mm) the application volumes are normally limited to a maximum of 5 xl for TLC and 500 nl for HPTLC when the samples are applied as spots. Particularly in the case of adsorption-chromatographic systems layers with concentrating zones offer another possibility of producing small starting zones. Here the applied zones are compressed to narrow bands at the solvent front before the mobile phase reaches the active chromatographic layer. 

The superficial gas velocity (that is, gas flow rate divided by vessel cross-sectional area) through the iron-sponge bed is normally limited to a maximum of 10 ft/min at actual flow conditions to promote proper contact with the bed and to guard against excessive pressure drop. Thus, the vessel minimum diameter is given by ... 

Guidelines for Cooling Tower Recirculating Water (Normal Limits for Using Film Fill)... 

Suitable sites are normally limited to those areas designed in development plans as being for industrial or commercial uses. Such land should be capable of being accessed directly from the primary or secondary distributor roads in the area. Segregation of tmcks and tmck access from residential areas should be achieved where possible. 

Performance on gas is normally limited in dual-fuel applications to that of the oil burner. In gas-only... 

Relief valves are automatic valves, used on system lines and equipment to prevent over-pressurization. Most relief valves simply open at a preset pressure and shut when the pressure returns to normal limits. They do not maintain flow or pressure at a given amount, but prevent pressure from rising above a specified level. 

Spiral corrosion due to inadequate overlap has been detected with self-adhesive tapes, and a 25 mm (or preferably half-tape-width) overlap is to be advocated. Within normal limits, the thicker the adhesive the better. 

A serious and potentially fatal adverse reaction to tolcapone ishepatic injury. Regular blood testing to monitor liver function is usually prescribed. The phys dan may order testing of serum transaminase levels at frequent intervals(eg, every 2 weeks for the first year and every 8 weeks thereafter). Treatment is discontinued if the ALT (SOFT) exceeds the upper normal limit or sgns or symptoms of liver failure develop. 

If administration of this drug is necessary, the nurse monitors the patient s blood pressure and pulse rate every 15 to 30 minutes for 2 hours or more after administration of the heparin antagonist. The nurse immediately reports to the primary health care provider any sudden decrease in blood pressure or increase in the pulse rate The nurse observes the patient for new evidence of bleeding until blood coagulation tests are within normal limits. To replace blood loss, the primary health care provider may order blood transfusions or fresh frozen plasma... 

Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, acts to maintain blood glucose levels within normal limits (60-120 mg/dL). This is accomplished by die release of small amounts of insulin into die bloodstream tiirough-out the day in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Insulin is essential for die utilization of glucose in cellular metabolism and for die proper metabolism of protein and fat. 

The kinetics of ion backspillover on the other hand will depend on two factors On the rate, I/nF, of their formation at the tpb and on their surface diffusivity, Ds, on the metal surface. As will be shown in Chapters 4 and 5 the rate of electrochemically controlled ion backspillover is normally limited by I/nF, i.e. the slow step is their transfer at the tpb. Surface diffusion is usually fast. Thus, as shown in Chapter 5, for the case of Pt electrodes where reliable surface O diffusivity data exist, obtained by Gomer and Lewis several years ago,76 Ds is at least 4.-10 11 cm2/s at 400°C and thus an O2 ion can move at least 1 pm per s on a Pt(lll) or Pt(110) surface. Therefore ion backspillover from solid electrolytes onto electrode surface is not only thermodynamically feasible, but can also be quite fast on the electrode surface. But does it really take place This we will see in the next Chapter. 

Ring nitrosation with nitrous acid is normally carried out only with active substrates such as amines and phenols. However, primary aromatic amines give diazonium ions (12-47) when treated with nitrous acid, " and secondary amines tend to give N-nitroso rather than C-nitroso compounds (12-49) hence this reaction is normally limited to phenols and tertiary aromatic amines. Nevertheless secondary aromatic amines can be C-nitrosated in two ways. The N-nitroso compound first obtained can be isomerized to a C-nitroso compound (11-32), or it can be treated with another mole of nitrous acid to give an N,C-dinitroso compound. Also, a successful nitrosation of anisole has been reported, where the solvent was CF3COOH—CH2CI2. " ... 

This section is concerned with the UA xtiT — Text) term in the energy balance for a stirred tank. The usual and simplest case is heat transfer from a jacket. Then A xt refers to the inside surface area of the tank that is jacketed on the outside and in contact with the fluid on the inside. The temperature difference, T - Text, is between the bulk fluid in the tank and the heat transfer medium in the jacket. The overall heat transfer coefficient includes the usual contributions from wall resistance and jacket-side coefficient, but the inside coefficient is normally limiting. A correlation applicable to turbine, paddle, and propeller agitators is... 

When blood pH falls below normal limits, the condition is termed acidosis. A number of body malfunctions can lead to acidosis, including diabetes, kidney failure, and persistent diarrhea. Temporary acidosis can result from prolonged vigorous exercise. These situations stimulate production of CO2, increasing the acidity of the blood. 

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