Safety practices defined

Dose Equivalent (DE)—A quantity used in radiation safety practice to account for the relative biological effectiveness of the several types of radiation. It expresses all radiations on a common scale for calculating the effective absorbed dose. It is defined as the product of the absorbed dose in rad and certain modifying factors. (The unit of dose equivalent is the rem. In SI units, the dose equivalent is the sievert, which equals 100 rem.)... 

The causes are influenced by the specific attributes of a pipeline system. Good discussions of these be found in the technical literature. As with the causes, the system attributes can also be defined af differenf levels of resolution and different terms are sometimes used by different experts. Fundamentally, however, the major relationships between attributes and causes are commonly understood. Ongoing research continues to refine current knowledge about the relationships and provides a basis for ongoing improvements in pipeline safety practices, whether technical or procedural. 

Since the standard was promulgated in 1992, best process safety practices have continued to evolve. OSHA refers to the 20 elements defined by the CCPS. Examples of additional elements include ... 

The U.S. team has established end points defining the successful completion of projects in each technical area. A project reaches its end point when the host country, its nuclear support organizations, and its nuclear power plants can sustain safety achievements and build upon them to meet international nuclear safety practices. These end points are measurable, achievable targets. The U.S. team defmed the end points by weighing several factors for each project its safety impact, its cost-effectiveness, the time needed to achieve results, and the ability of the host country to sustain the safety achievements over a long period. 

Safety—frequently defined as free from hazards. However, it is practically impossible to completely eliminate all hazards. Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure to hazards the antonym to danger [p. 142]. 

The practice of safety, as defined, includes all fields of endeavor for which the generic base is hazards occupational safety, occupational health, environmental affairs, product safety, transportation safety, safety of the public, health physics, system safety, fire protection engineering, et cetera. 

Furthermore, I observed that the domains and responsibihties and the knowledge and skill categories for the Comprehensive Practice Examination given by the Board of Certified Safety Professionals defines the breadth of knowledge and skill required in appMed safety practice. 

In an article published in the October 1998 issue of Professional Safety and titled What Measures Should We Use, and Why , Dan Petersen questions the value of packaged audits, giving examples of studies that show that audit results did not always correlate to a firm s accident experience. There is a history of that sort of thing with respect to packaged audits in which an audit guide is used that may not be sufficiently relative to the actual safety practices and needs in the entity being audited. Petersen concluded that the self built audit—one that accurately measures performance of a firm s own safety system—was viewed as the answer. To constmct such an audit, Petersen says, a firm must define ... 

VII.37. As noted previously, the bias can be positive (overpredict critical experiments) or negative (underpredict critical experiments). However, prudent criticality safety practice is to assume the uncertainties as single sided uncertainties that lower the estimate of a critical condition, and so, by definition, are always zero or negative. The A term used in this section represents the combined value of the bias and uncertainty, and the applicant should normally define this term such that there is no increase in the value of the USL. Thus,... 

The Construction, Design and Management Regulations and Approved Codes of Practice define a method statement as a written document laying out the work procedure and sequence of operations to ensure health and safety. 

In 2013, AHRQ released MaArmg Health Care Safer II An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices (Shekelle et al. 2013). This report is an update of an original report Making Health Care Safe, released in 2001. These two reports define a safe practice with the following statement A Patient Safety Practice is a type of process or structure whose application reduces the probability of adverse events resulting from exposure to the healthcare system across a range of procedures. ... 

An event, in August last year, that brought the major players in the health and safety field together to join with the Employment National Training Organization, was the launch of the New Standards in Occupational Health and Safety Practice. These new standards define the requirements for the various levels of National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) in Occupational... 

It is obvious from the above that cooperative relationship is necessary for the development of standards and guides to define methods for good nuclear criticality safety practices and the establishment of acceptable methods for their implementation. The NRC participates at all levels of the standards development process. Members of the NRC staff have participated, as individuals and as members of Subcommittee ANS-8, in the development of standards for determining the potential for nuclear criticality of fissionable material outside reactors, for the prevention of accidental criticality, and for coping with accidents should they occur. The NRC is represented on National Standards Committee... 

A key finding of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) report is that the lack of an adequate safety culture in NASA s space shuttle programs was a causal factor in the catastrophic loss of the Columbia orbiter and crew. While safety is not directly defined by the CAIB, the report suggests that (1) the culture of the program led to inadequate safety practices (2) this breakdown of safety culture led to the toleration of a pattern of problems with the foam debris (3) foam debris was the... 

In essence, the safety, health and environmental profession has not established a common definition of safety practice nor a common terminology to explain what practitioners do. The safety profession must define who it is and what they do. 

In the first case, the pursuit of absolute safety, the concern is for the value of the numerator N, where N represents the number of a certain type of events, for instance accidents, incidents, injuries, lost time injury, unplanned outages rejection rate, etc. The goal is to reduce N to as small a value as is practicable, preferably zero if that is possible. In the pursuit of absolute safety, there is no concern for the number of complementary events, i.e., the number of cases where N does not occur. For example, if N is the number of times per year a train passes a red signal (SPAD), then the number of complementary events is the number of times during the same time period that a train stops at a red signal. Having N=0 as the ideal in practice means that safety is defined as the freedom from risk rather than as the freedom from unacceptable (or unaffordable) risk. The difference is by no means unimportant. 

Finally, go back over the list and change each item to describe the safe behavior rather than the unsafe behavior. Again, you may wish to refer to the section on pinpointing in Chapter 21. You must define the desired safety practices in precise detail so that different observers can agree on how to score a given situation. 

Observers may refer to written job procedures, task hazard evaluations, material safety data sheets, or other employees to help define the specific safety practices appropriate for the tasks being performed during their scheduled observations. 

The first step in designing a behavioral safety process is pinpointing a list of behaviors critical to safety without the use of labels or explanations of behavior. Complex safety practices must be broken into components and defined in precise detail. 

The safety manager must also consider existing safety practices and the overall culture of safety in the organization. The safety manager should define in detail the following key areas of safety management ... 

The development of nuclear safety standards for all nuclear activities is one of the tasks of the IAEA. The IAEA seeks to establish standards of safety, assisted by Member States with experience with nuclear power programmes. A broad consensus of opinion is sought to provide assurance that the safety objectives and standards thus defined and developed are acceptable to all Member States. These safety standards are published in the Safety Series in a hierarchy of four levels with safety fundamentals at the highest level. Other levels correspond to safety standards (or NUSS codes), safety guides and safety practices respectively. 

Note 1 In machinery safety practice the European Standard EN 954 defines safety categories in terms of design characteristics for safety related controls. This is expected to be revised and issued as ISO 13849-1 and is expected to replace safety categories widi a equivalents to SILs. 

Any review of NHTSA decisions about vehicle safety standards must recognize the assumption on which the safety mandate is based and the judgment required to interpret the directions given. The fundamental assumption is that there are too many traffic injuries and that regulatory action must be taken to reduce them to an acceptable level. The stated purpose of the Vehicle Safety Act is to reduce traffic accidents and death and injury from traffic accidents the assumption is that losses without the law are unacceptable. Motor vehicle safety is defined in the statute as vehicle performance which protects persons against unreasonable risks the assumption is that vehicle safety standards will reduce the risks to a reasonable level. Standards are supposed to be practicable in terms of several factors including the ultimate cost (if any) to the consumer. 

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