Accidents experience

After the hazard assessment has been conducted and the data has been collected, it should be organized in a logical outline that will estimate the potential for employee injury The organized data will help to decide the type of hazard(s) involved, the level of risk, and the seriousness of potential injury The appropriate levels of PPE are then selected based on the hazard determination and the availability of PPE. The user should be properly fitted for the specified PPE, and the employer should make sure that it is comfortable to wear. Hazard reassessments should be conducted as necessary based on the introduction of new or revised processes, equipment, and accident experience, to ensure the continued suitability of selection of the proper PPE. 

Provide employee accident experience for the past 5 years, including the current year. The submittal shall specifically include OSHA recordable cases rate, lost and restricted workday cases rate, vehicle accident rate, and number of fatalities with a description of each. The workers compensation interstate experience modification rate should be less than 1.0, and applicable SIC codes should be noted. 

Related to the issue of safety expectations is an individual s experience with accidents. While organizations do not want individuals to directly or indirectly experience an accident, this clearly happens. Furthermore, over an individual s life, it would be very unlikely that they do not at least indirectly experience some form of accident. Certainly, everyone is from time to time exposed to media reports of significant accidents. Research on the impact of experience with workplace accidents does suggest that it has a positive impact on subsequent safety behavior. For example, studies by Laughery and Vaubel (1989), and Kouabenan (2002) both found positive correlations between safety behavior and accident experience, suggesting that individuals become more cautious if they have an accident experience. This might also be interpreted as the individual becomes more realistic in their safety-specific expectations. 

The operator s incident/accident experience and causal factors, complaints, legislative compliance reviews, and the operator s internal audit results The combined national experience of operators National and international trends and experience General industry experience and developing standards... 

The HSE statistics on page 8 revealed that the majority of major accidents in school occur in games and physical education activities 19.8 per cent, 44.5 per cent in the playground and 3.8 per cent on the school field. I believe there is much to learn from the accidents, experiences and mistakes of others. Two case reports of accidents that occurred in primary physical edncation lessons will be examined in detail to identify key issues which determined or refuted negligence. In doing this I recognise the importance of reality and how it can be used to raise teachers awareness and inform future practice. 

Table 7.2 shows data taken from the National Safety Council publication Injury Facts, 2000 Edition (p. 44). What s the point of all this Fatal accident experience in the work world has changed substantially since Heinrich s studies were made. In the National Safety Council publication, 1933 is the first year for which a death rate per 100,000 workers is shown. 

Heinrich s studies were made of accidents that occurred in the 1920s. Safety at work and the workplace itself have changed substantively since then, as evidenced by noteworthy reductions in accident experience in the past 70 plus years. Therefore, the current value and applicability of his conclusions should be questioned and researched. 

In the literature there are many citations of adverse accident experience in the military branches, which are said to have given impetus to the development of system safety concepts. The following is an example taken from Why System Safety by Charles O. Miller, a former Director of the Bureau of Aviation Safety at the National Transportation Safety Board ... 

In an article published in the October 1998 issue of Professional Safety and titled What Measures Should We Use, and Why , Dan Petersen questions the value of packaged audits, giving examples of studies that show that audit results did not always correlate to a firm s accident experience. There is a history of that sort of thing with respect to packaged audits in which an audit guide is used that may not be sufficiently relative to the actual safety practices and needs in the entity being audited. Petersen concluded that the self built audit—one that accurately measures performance of a firm s own safety system—was viewed as the answer. To constmct such an audit, Petersen says, a firm must define ... 

There are a variety of numerical scoring systems for the elements reviewed when safety audits are made. The scorings are subjective assessments that are eventually translated into a finite score. My experience has been that the final score often did not relate to the accident experience that eventually evolved. Nevertheless, safety audits, properly conducted, provide highly effective, qualitative performance measures. 

Appendix B gives probit relations for a number of materials used in the process industry. They are based on observations of accidents, experiments with animals and expert judgment. Hence, they are relations affected by uncertainties. However, no assessment of their magnitude is usually indicated. 

At periodic intervals during the life cycle, OHAs are performed. The frequency is determined by the nature of the system, the projected life of the system, and the actual accident experience. Typically, the frequency of inspections and hazard analysis and control efforts is high during the early life cycle, lowest during the middle, and increasing as the end product approaches the end of its projected life. 

Request for modification (requirement specification changed, condition of actual use, incident/accident experience or modification of the machine or its operation. 

Monetary losses associated with an incident. These costs include direct and indirect costs. Accident Experience... 

Many states have unsatisfied judgment—or financial responsibility laws—that make the purchase of insurance mandatory. Some motorists cannot buy insurance for some reason, such as poor accident experience. To make it possible for them to be insured, there are assigned risk plans in which such risks are insured. These risks are rotated among the subscribing companies in proportion to the amount of automobile liability insurance each writes in the state. All companies writing this class of insurance are required to participate in this activity. A comparable system operates in some states with respect to workers compensation. 

The National Commission on State Workmen s Compensation Laws recommended insurance providers experience rate WC premiums to the maximum extent feasible. Historically, WC insurers have not used the accident experience of a small establishment to determine the establishment s price of WC insurance. Instead, they have combined the injury statistics for all workers within an industrial class and determined a so-called manual rate for WC coverage. The product of each worker s wage rate and the manual rate for his or her industrial class summed over all workers determines the total WC insurance premium for a small firm. As firm size increases insurers pay less attention to the average experience of the industrial class (the manual rate) and more attention to the safety record of the individual firm. Experience rating of insurance policies refers to the process of adjusting insurance prices... 

In connection with studies related to characterization of aerosols released during simulated reactor accidents, experiments are in progress on the physical and chemical properties of copper oxide aerosols generated by fast condenser discharge technique and it is planned to extend the same to nuclear fiiels. 

The third lecture session covers accident experience and safety practices. Several criticality accidents are examined in sufficient detail to take advantage of, this means of illustrating basic considerations, and to provide a perspective bn accident consequences. The legal framework of criticality safety is outlined by a review of policies as presented in the Code of Federal Regulations, toe EROA Manual Chapter, and Laboratory directives. ... 

Many of the current criticality safety practices have been developed as a result of accident experience. A variety of accidents at government and commercial processing faciUtles have all suggested that nonroutine Operations seem to have the highest risk and deserve special attentiori. 

Who Was Responsible for the Determination That the Principal Was Adequately Trained to Perform Regular Job and Task Being Performed at the Time of the Accident Experience/Testing Required ... 

In the 1950s, studies made of accident experience in which all identified causal factors were entered into the analytical system produced greatly different results. (See the eighth edition of the National Safety Council s Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations Administration and Programs.) However, Heinrich continued to advocate his method and wrote this about it ... 

Note The Critical Justification Rating has been arbitrarily set at 10, based on experience, judgment and the current budgetary situation. After extended experience at an individual organization, based on accident experience, budgetary situations, and appraisals of the safety status, it may be found desirable to raise or lower the critical score. 

Workers compensation insurance is not in its simplest form a preventive measure it is merely a way of distributing the costs of injury across all employers. It can be made to serve a preventive function if the insurance premiums paid by employers are stmctured to reflect the accident experience of the particular employer. If companies with high accident rates have to pay correspondingly high premiums this should, in theory, give employers a vested interest in the health and safety of their workers, assuming a carefully designed scheme. 

Accident experience and failure reports and similar plant data... 

At the beginning of each of those sessions, a management representative introduced the subject of Prejob Planning and Safety Analysis and discussed the reasons why the new procedure was being adopted. Statistics on accident experience prepared by safety professionals were a part of that introduction. 

---