Pipeline System

Fig. 4. Pipeline systems of transport for anhydrous ammonia within the United States (7), where represents an ammonia plant location ...

The dominant role of petroleum in the chemical industry worldwide is reflected in the landscapes of, for example, the Ruhr Valley in Germany and the U.S. Texas/Louisiana Gulf Coast, where petrochemical plants coimected by extensive and complex pipeline systems dot the countryside. Any movement to a different feedstock would require replacement not only of the chemical plants themselves, but of the expensive infrastmcture which has been built over the last half of the twentieth century. Moreover, because petroleum is a Hquid which can easily be pumped, change to any of the soHd potential feedstocks (like coal and biomass) would require drastic changes in feedstock handling systems. 

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

The Mid-America Pipeline System (MAPCO) (77) for ammonia transportation contains 1763 kkometers of 101 mm, 152 mm, and 203 mm pipe having a pumping capacity of 3885 metric tons per day and supporting terminal storage fackities. Peak dehvery from the system is 4,216 metric tons per day. 

The Gulf Central Pipeline system (78) contains 3220 km of 152 mm, 203 mm, and 254 mm pipe and has a pumping capacity of 2545 metric tons per day and supporting terminal storage fackities. The Tampa Bay Pipeline network services several ammonia plants along a 133 km route. 

Pipeline systems for transporting anhydrous ammonia that are urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) and LNG compatible, exist in Europe, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. Export-oriented ammonia producing countries utilize huge ocean-going tankers that contain up to 50,000 t for distribution of ammonia. Co-shipment in refrigerated LNG tankers is usuaky done. 

The quantity of ethylene transported by international tankers accounts for only 1% of production. The majority of ethylene produced in the United States and Western Europe is moved by integrated pipeline systems. 

Loeated at the eastern terminus of the NOVA and Foothills (Alberta) pipeline systems and about one mile west of the Alberta/Saskatehewan border, the BP-Amoeo Empress NGL proeessing plant extraets liquids equivalent to approximately 2% of the (maximum value of) 5.2 Bef of natural gas that passes through the faeility every day. Most of the... 

The integrity of pipelines depends upon conect design, including materials selection, support and protection from mechanical damage. Depending upon tlie gas, routine inspection and maintenance may be supplemented by the provision of gas detection and alarm systems. Other considerations are exemplified by the safety-related controls on the transportation of domestic gas via pipeline systems summarized in Table 15.17. 

Table 15.17 Measures for the control of management of domestic gas through pipeline systems (the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996)...

Pipeline used for transportation of gas, oil or water utility distribution pipeline system ranging in sizes /8-42 in. o.d. inclusive. Fabricated to American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Water Works Association (AWWA) specifications. 

National Transportation Safety Board. 1979. Pipeline Accident report—Mid-America Pipeline System—Liquefied petroleum gas pipeline rupture and fire, Donnellson, Iowa, August 4, 1978. NTSB-Report NTSB-PAR-79-1. 

Gould, T. L., el. al., Engineering Methods and Computer Applications For Design and Operation, of Two-Phase Pipeline Systems, The University of Michigan, Amn Arbor, Mich., 1973. 

Oil fuel pipeline systems transfer oil from storage to the oil burner at specified conditions of pressure, viscosity, temperature and rate of flow. There can be considerable variety in the choice of system, but its design (particularly correct pipe sizing and temperature control) is most important if it is to function satisfactorily. 

A review has been presented concerning the aspects of odorization. Important points to consider are which pipelines require odorization, the detectable limits of gas odor, odorants and odorizing considerations, and monitoring a pipeline system to ensure that the odorization program is meeting the regulatory requirements [574]. 

K. C. Koshel, J. S. Bhatia, S. Kumar, and A. K. Samant. Corrosion problem in kalol injection water pipeline system and its control by using corrosion inhibitors. Ongc Bull, 25(2) 115-133, December 1988. 

Chisolm, D., and L. A. Sutherland, 1969, Prediction of Pressure Gradients in Pipeline Systems during Two-Phase Flow, Symp. on Fluid Mechanics and Measurements in Two-Phase Flow Systems, Leeds, pp. 24-25. (3)... 

An extension of the linearization technique discussed above may be used as a basis for design optimization. Such an application to natural gas pipeline systems was reported by Flanigan (F4) using the so-called constrained derivatives (W4) and the method of steepest descent. We offer a more concise derivation of this method following a development by Bryson and Ho (B14). 

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