Safety, machinery

As an example of standards history and progression, the German ITE safety standard DIN VDE 0805 became EN 60950 (lEC 950), machine safety standard DIN VDE 0113-1 became EN 60204-1 (lEC 204-1), machine EMC standard DIN VDE 0875 became EN 55011 (CISPR 11), and appliance EMC standard DIN VDE 0875-1 became EN 55014 (CISPR 14). Except for EMC immunity, the majority of European product safety, machinery, and EMC standards are traceable back to their German standards origin. Thousands of German standards (DIN, VDI, VDE, VBG, ZH, etc.) form the basis for the newer harmonized standards (EN, lEC, etc.). 

The third group of standards is divided into two subgroups general risk assessment for safety machinery and risk assessment for escalators. 

The scope of the directive covers the design, manufacture and conformity assessment of pressure equipment and assemblies with a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar. A pressure equipment in the sense of the directive is any vessel, piping, safety accessory or pressure accessory. An assembly means several pieces of pressure equipment assembled by a manufacturer to constitute an integrated and functional whole. It is important to be aware that the directive relates exclusively to the pressure risk and that therefore other directives, such as for machinery, low voltage may be applicable to the equipment concerned. 

Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

An extremely important safety issue with respect to ah. wood product manufacturing processes is personal worker safety. Ah of the processes use much moving machinery, usuahy including many saws or knives. Workers must continuahy remember the inherent dangers these machines involve as weh as other possible dangerous situations which could result from malfunctions or other errors. In addition, most processes are more or less dusty and noisy. Most employers require use of safety glasses and many require hearing protection, safety shoes, and hardhats as weh as other kinds of protection needed for Specific jobs. 

This article discusses several aspects of processed meat products including (/) health and safety concerns (2) meat processing ingredients, procedures, and machinery (J) ha2ard analysis critical control point (4) fat reduction in meat products (5) sous-vide processing and (6) nutritional labeling. 

Continuous monitoring is necessary on critical machines where problems can develop rapidly and have severe financial consequences. Typical machines in this category are unspared process compressors. Remotely located machinery such as pipeline gas compressors also require continuous monitoring. Also, continuous monitoring may be dictated by safety considerations. Even though the cost of a failure is small, machines should be continuously monitored if a failure will result in hazards to personnel. Figure 8-38 depicts a typical continuous monitoring system. 

European Standard EN 1093-4. Safety of machinery—Evaluation of the emission of airborne hazardous substances. Part 4 Capture efficiency of an exhaust system— Tracer method. 1996. 

Safety around mechanical vacuum pumps is possibly no different than that for other process mechanical rotating machinery. However, there is a decided danger of an... 

The following sections include the relevant sections of the complete Act and indicate those parts of the legislation within the different plant categories to which the inspections provided by the independent engineering inspection companies will conform. It should, however, be appreciated that while the inspections provided will fulfill the statutory requirements for inspection, the actual responsibilities under the various Acts to conform remains the responsibility of the plant owner/user. It must be appreciated that the interpretation of any Act is a matter for the local Health and Safety Inspectorate, who should be consulted at all times if doubt exists as to whether any item of machinery and plant requires inspection to comply with a statutory provision. 

A hot alignment check is performed exactly like an ambient alignment check with the added safety precautions required for hot machinery. The accuracy of a hot alignment check depends on how soon after shutdown dial indicator readings can be taken. Readings may be taken within a few minutes with the use of shaft-mounted brackets that span a flexible coupling. To speed up the process, assemble the brackets to the fullest extent possible prior to shutdown so that they need only be bolted to the shafts once the machine stops rotating. 

The requirement for safety precautions when operating or working on all types of machinery cannot be overstressed, in that the likelihood of an accident occurring on moving machinery is invariably high. It is essential that all these who work on such machines are adequately trained as to the operation and the safeguards fitted. Regulations that must be complied with include ... 

Other information can be found in BS 5304, Code of Practice for safety of machinery. 

Polycarbonates are like polyesters, but their carbonyl group is linked to two -OR groups, [0 C(0R>2l- Lexan, for instance, is a polycarbonate prepared from diphenyl carbonate and a diphenol called bisphenol A. Lexan has an unusually high impact strength, making it valuable for use in machinery housings, telephones, bicycle safety helmets, and bulletproof glass. 

With plastics that decompose, there may be hazards such as personal bums or wounds and air contamination. Faulty controllers and/or freeze-off can cause the overheating situation from a burned out heater. Safety devices should be used that alert the plant when problems develop people have to be aware of these possible situations. Recognize that personnel injury in plants due to machinery represents 10% of all accidents (Fig. 8-77). 

Originally, equipment was made largely from wood or gun-metal and often rubber lined. These materials give the lowest hazards from friction with explosives. Nowadays, improved standards of engineering and of design have made it possible to employ stainless steel and plastics in the construction of explosive machinery with considerable increase in mechanical efficiency. In this way not only can processes be carried out more rapidly, but the quantity of explosive present at any time is reduced, with consequent increase in overall safety. 

Many useful articles such as safety goggles, safety shields, telephone parts and machinery housings can be made from... 

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