Attribute specification

Some members of a community that were exposed to trichloroethylene along with a variety of other solvents in their drinking water complained of respiratory disorders, but the complaints could not be attributed specifically to trichloroethylene (Byers et al. 1988). This effect may have been due to immune system impairment resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. A study in mice in which inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene increased the susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Aranyi et al. 1986) provides evidence that trichloroethylene may result in adverse respiratory effects through effects on the immune system. 

Uversky and co-workers recently used a pair of sequence attributes, specifically the Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy scale and net charge, to... 

The control of dangerous reactions to components in foods is not as widely conducted as is the monitoring of side effects caused by pharmaceuticals. This problem results mainly from the complexity of food matrices, and from the limited possibilities for attributing specific effects to particular food components. 

Failure of deton just below the critical diam is attributed specifically to rarefactions entering the reaction zone and quenching the reaction. Therefore, there is a close dependence... 

Most RE sulphides (even LaS) are smaller than expanded SmS (ag = 5.96 A), and so, when it was first found that such d doping collapses SmS, the action was often attributed specifically to the lattice parameter change. This was encouraged by facts such as YS(ao = 5.49 A) producing collapse at only half the concentration (15%) required by the larger, but chemically similar, LaS (aj, = 5.85 A). However the existence of an added factor, beyond simply the relative sizes in ao has become apparent, connected with the possession of delocalized d-electrons. Thus ThS, where ao = 5.68 A, produces collapse in SmS even faster than does d GdS, where ao is down at 5.56 A. Conversely, d CaS (ao again 5.68 A) does not succeed, (and neither in all probability would MgS (ao only 5.19 A) or d MnS (ao = 5.23 A)), in collapsing their SmS host at any concentration. We shall expand in 2.4 on this added factor. 

This description, which uses a mixture of MO and valence bond concepts and attributes specific energies to hybrid orbitals, may appall the theoretician. It has the advantage, however, of reducing the problem to a series of two-orbital interactions, thus allowing us to find the CO orbitals very quickly. 

A related question is this Which types of stars or supernova explosions produce the extinct radioactive nuclei thatare found in the solar system Here the reader is referred to the entry for each specific isotope. But this much must be appreciated first. Some radioactivities appear to be made primarily by the thermonuclear explosions of white-dwarf stars, called Type la supernovae. Others are created primarily in massive stars whose cores collapse to become neutron stars to initiate an explosive ejection (Type II supernovae). Type II supernovae occur three to five times more frequendy than do Type la supernovae. Some radioactive nuclei are made within differing portions of each event, some prior to the ejection, but some during the heat of the ejection process. And still other radioactive nuclei are created within evolved stars that do not become supernovae (red giants). This diversity of origin renders uncertain the identity of those extinct radioactivities that are to be attributed specifically to that supernova thatis supposed to have triggered the formation of the solar system. In recent scientific... 

Starch is likewise physically unstable. Pastes and sols tend to become less soluble on standing, as evidenced by increase in viscosity and opacity and the eventual precipitation of a solid phase. This phenomenon has been termed retrogradation, and is attributed specifically to the A-fraction. Since most separations are based on differential solubility of the several components, retrogradation may seriously disturb the amount and character of the fractions. This is particularly true of those methods where the starch is maintained in solution for extended periods of time. 

In addition to the quantitative findings in regard to tryptophan, another early report revealed an important and unique property of tryptophan within the blood. In 1957, McMenemy et al.180 described a unique property of tryptophan — that it was the only amino acid in plasma that was largely bound to protein. This attribute, specifically the ratio of free to bound tryptophan in the blood, has much physiological significance. For example, only the small free fraction of plasma tryptophan has access to the brain. Factors that influence the equilibrium between free and bound tryptophan in the plasma have been considered to alter the availability of tryptophan to the brain, where it has special importance as a precursor of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).181183 Tryptophan differs from other amino acids in that its concentration in the plasma of rats increases (30 to 40%) after fasting, after insulin administration, or after consuming a carbohydrate meal.184... 

Using levels of L-tryptophan below the LD50 levels, fed long-term to rats, led to reduced food intake and growth of rats. However, such effects have been described with many diets in which there is an imbalance of any amino acid therefore, the effects cannot be attributed specifically to tryptophan. 

Resistance. Resistance to the cephalosporins may result from the alteration of target pencillin-binding sites (PBPs), decreased permeability of the bacterial cell wall and outer membrane, or by inactivation via enzyme mediated hydrolysis of the lactam ring (80,81,138—140). This resistance can be either natural or acquired. Although resistance is often attributed specifically to one of these factors, in reality it reflects the interplay of several factors. In most instances, however, resistance results from the production of a P-lactamase enzyme, which opens the P-lactam ring as depicted in Figure 2. 

There are conflicting data on whether the availability of cholesterol and/or cholesteryl esters directly influences apo B secretion. Several studies have suggested that cholesterol supply can regulate VLDL secretion. For example, VLDL production in animals and man is decreased by statin treatment, and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by a statin, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis (Chapter 14), reduced VLDL secretion in perfused rat livers (M. Heimberg, 1990) and primary hepatocytes. However, this effect of statins can perhaps be ascribed to increased expression of LDL receptors rather than to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis (Section 7.1). Depletion of cholesterol in rodent hepatocytes by the ABCAl-dependent lipidation of apo A1 (Chapter 19) also decreases VLDL secretion (R. Lehner, 2004). Furthermore, the secretion of apo BlOO-containing VLDLs is increased in primary hepatocytes derived from Niemann-Pick Cl-deficient mice. Niemann-Pick Cl-deficiency causes a severe defect in trafficking of unesterified cholesterol out of the lysosomal/endosomal pathway and consequently, Niemann-Pick Cl-deficient hepatocytes accumulate 5- to 10-fold more unesterified cholesterol than do wild-type hepatocytes. In hepatocytes from Niemann-Pick Cl-deficient mice, cholesterol synthesis is increased and the rate of cholesterol esterification and the amount of the transcriptionally active form of SREBP-1 are also increased (J.E. Vance, 2007). However, because of multiple alterations in lipid metabolism in these hepatocytes, increased VLDL secretion cannot be attributed specifically to increased synthesis of cholesterol or cholesteryl esters. 

The terms surface and interface are not exactly equivalent. One usually refers to an interface when describing the boundary between condensed phases or between condensed phase and a gas (e.g. solution-air interface), while the term surface is attributed specifically to a border of a condensed phase with either vacuum or gas. However, due to their obvious similarity, these two terms have been used interchangeably. In this book we will continue applying this commonly accepted practice and in many instances will use them as synonyms... 

An input parameter value is directly related to an output parameter or quality attribute specifically, the output parameter of one unit operation often is the input parameter for the subsequent unit operation [32]. Equivalently stated, critical Ys (outputs or responses) from one stage often are inputs for next the stage [37]. Input parameters are assessed as to whether they significantly impact critical output parameters (e.g., product safety, identity, and efficacy), although the definition of significant varies among applications [32]. As all product quality attributes are not routinely measured during process development, some output variables are selected... 

Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes. Specification for sampling plans indexed by limiting quality (LQ) for isolated lot inspection Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes. Specification for skip-lot procedures... 

Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes. Specification for sequential sampling plans... 

Costantino et al. (2012) S, M S BOM MO MIP QN, A Define all possible partners and connects them together links have different performance attributes specific structural constraints... 

In medical circles the importance of pantothenic acid as a nutrient is often disregarded because of this universal-occurrence idea and also because it is difficult to produce inhumansaspecificdiseasecondition whichmay be attributed specifically to its deficiency. It would appear that pantothenic acid deficiency (since it is the only organic part of coenzyme A needed nutritionally by mammals) might well cause diffuse adverse effects comparable to those which might be expected to occur in non-osseous tissues as a result of phosphate deficiency. 

Identification, justification, and classification of alarms Alarm conditions and attribute specification Design of alarms... 

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