Salmonella reverse-mutation assay

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Aubrecht, J., Osowski, J.J., Persaud, P., Cheung, J.R., Ackerman, J., Lopes, S.H. and Ku, W.W. (2007) Bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay a screen for detecting mutagenicity with high throughput attributes. Mutagenesis, 22, 335-342. 

Trueman, R.W. Callander, R.D. (1982) 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl, 4-hydroxymetliylbiphenyl and benzyl chloride comparison of mutagenic potential using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res.. 100. 55-59... 

Ackerman J, Sharma R, Hitchcock J, et al. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay using 10 model chemicals. Mutagenesis. 2009 24(5) 433-438. 

Acetone (reagent grade) was evaluated by the standard plate incorporation method in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay with strains TA98, TAIOO, TAI535, TAI537, and TAI538. 

Data on the in vitro mutagenicity [Salmonella reverse mutation assay) are negative positive responses in some in vitro assays occurred only in the presence of... 

Several in vitro genotoxicity studies have been conducted for naphthalene. Naphthalene has not been found to be genotoxic in the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. However, naphthalene has been reported to have genotoxic effects in nonmammalian assay studies. In various in vitro studies, naphthalene has been shown to have the potential to induce chromosomal damage in mammalian cells. 

Other jet fuels and related middle distillate fractions (MDFs) have been tested in bacteria and in vitro mammalian cell assays. As summarized by IARC (1989), jet fuel A and JP-5 were not mutagenic in Salmonella reverse-mutation assays. Neither was MD API 81-07, a hydrodesulfurized kerosene sample (Pennzoil 1988, as reviewed by Skisak 1991). 

Validation of the Mutatox test system has been und way for ova 3 years and several comparative studies have been published [51-54]. Two types of studies have been undolaken. Pure compound studies have been performed to establish a database of sensitivity using an accepted list of compounds wiA known genotoxic activity. These lest data were compared with the commonly used Salmonella reverse mutation assay developed by Ames [55] as well as carcinogenicity scores (Table 14.1). 

Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) Looks for back mutation to autotrophy (independence from exogenously supplied histidine) of cultured mutant Salmonella (auxotroph, deficient in histidine biosynthesis and thus dependent on exogenous supply of this amino acid) after exposure to the test substance Calf thymus oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is measured as a marker of oxidative DNA damage caused by test substance... 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Much toxicological data are available on this red pigment acute oral toxicity in mice, 90-day subchronic toxicological study, acute dermal irritation and corrosion, acute eye irritation and corrosion, anti-tumor effectiveness, micronucleus test in mice, AMES test Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay), estimation of antibiotic activity, and results of estimation of five mycotoxins. A new patent on Arpink Red was filed in 2001 with claims of anti-cancer effects of the anthraquinone derivatives and apphcations in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Assays for Gene Mutations Salmonella Typhimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames test, / ... 

Ecoflex (powder) was tested for its mutagenic potential on the basis of its ability to induce point mutations in several bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coll) in a reverse mutation assay (Ames test), according to OECD guideline 471. Results revealed that the polyester is not mutagenic to bacteria. 

The bacterial and mammalian cell assays for gene mutation were developed to measure statistically significant increases in the numbers of mutant colonies derived from rare events many millions of exposed cells must be plated out to allow the assessment of mutation frequency. The Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) is carried out in a variety of different mutant strains selected to identify the various classes of mutation. The test generates many hundreds of Petri dishes for counting and is not practical for profiling. 

Skopek, T. R., H. L. Liber, D. A. Kaden, and W. G. Thilly, Relative Sensitivities of Forward and Reverse Mutation Assays in Salmonella typhimurium," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75, 4465-4469 (1978a). 

Glycidol gave a positive response in assays of prophage induction and SOS repair m Escherichia coli. Results were uniformly positive in several Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assays and in two fungal mutation assays. The sex-linked recessive lethal mutation assay and the heritable translocation test in Drosophila melanogaster also gave positive results. 

Thilly. Relative sensitivities of forward and reverse mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium. 

Ammonium perchlorate was tested in a battery of genotoxicity tests and found to be negative in all tests, including a reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium and the L5178Y/TK" mouse Ecotoxicology... 

Donovan SM, Krahn DF, Stewart JA, et al. 1983. Mutagenic activities of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in reverse and forward Salmonella typhimurium mutation assays [Abstract]. Environ Mutagen 5 476. 

Figure 10.1. Correlation data for the sensitivity and specificity for single in vitro genotoxicity assays and assay combinations. Ames, Salmonella reverse mutation test introduced by B. Ames MLA, tk assay using the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line Cab, chromosome aberration test with different mammalian cell types MN, in vitro micronucleus assay with different mammalian cell types. [Data according to Kirkland et al. (2005a).]...

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