Potential genotoxicity

Since in vivo tests in exposed human populations would involve concomitant exposure to other toxicants, it would be difficult to assess the genotoxic potential of methyl parathion alone. Therefore, additional well-designed in vitro studies using human cell lines are needed to determine the effects of methyl parathion on various genotoxic parameters (e.g., sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, unscheduled DNA synthesis). 

Manna, G.K. and P.K. Mukherjee. 1989. A study of the genotoxic potentiality of the inorganic weedicide, sodium arsenite in the experimentally treated tilapia fish. Jour. Freshwater Biol. 1 147-159. 

Millischer, R.-J., C.G.de Rooij, G.M.Rusch, C.H.Farr, R.Ben-Dyke, C.J.Hardy, D.J.Lewis, and G.Hodson-Walker. 1995. Evaluation of the genotoxicity potential and chronic inhalation toxicity of 1,1-dichloro-l-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b). Fd. Chem. Toxicol. 6 491-500. 

Disulfoton has been tested for genotoxicity in a variety of assays with mostly negative results however, the few positive results indicate genotoxic potential. Carcinogenicity was not observed in Beagle dogs, rats, or mice fed disulfoton for 2-years. 

Sandhu SS, Waters MD, Simmon VP, et al. 1985. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of certain pesticides used in Pakistan in basic and applied mutagenesis. Basic Life Sci 34 185-219. 

Genotoxic Effects. 1,2-Dibromoethane has been tested extensively to assess its genotoxic potential in prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and mammalian systems. Tables 2-7 and 2-8 present the results of in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity studies, respectively. The results of these studies indicate that 1,2-dibromoethane is a potent mutagen, producing a broad spectrum of mutations in various test systems. 

The UDS assay is used to measure the repair that follows DNA damage. However, the relevance of UDS to human health is not known. While results were positive in two assay in animals, sufficient data are not available from more predictive indicator assays to adequately characterize the genotoxic potential for 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in humans. Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 

L. A. Booth and R. F. Bilton, Genotoxic potential of the secondary bile acids a role for reactive oxygen species, in DNA and Free Radicals Techniques, Mechanisms Applications, O.I. Arouma and B. Halliwell, Editor, 1998, OICA International London, 161. 

In general, several doses are tested in genotoxicity assays. Determination of experimental dose-response relationships may be used to assess the genotoxic potential of a substance, as indicated below (EC 2003) ... 

If in vivo and in vitro test results do not agree, then the differences should be considered/explained, possibly following further studies on in vitrojin vivo metabolism, compound class information, etc. The final assessment of the genotoxic potential of a compoimd should take into account the totality of findings and compound class information, if available. Figure 3.3 (reproduced with kind permission of Lutz Muller) illustrates this strategy. ... 

There were no indications of genotoxic potential for 2,4-D acid, or any of its derivatives, in bacterial assays, in unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, or in mouse bone marrow micronucleus tests. ... 

Slesinski RS et al Assessment of genotoxic potential of ethylenediamine In vitro and in vivo studies. Mutat Res 124 299-314, 1983... 

Slesinski RS, Guzzie PJ, Ballantyne B An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxic potential of 2,4-pentanedione. Environ Mutagen 9 (suppl 8) 44 9, 1987... 

In one animal study, a significant increase in lung tumors was observed in female mice exposed by inhalation. Available data indicate a genotoxic potential for sulfur dioxide. Increases in chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges have been detected in occupationally exposed workers. The lARC has determined that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of sulfur dioxide in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans. 

Genotoxicity. There are currently no in vivo or in vitro studies that address the genotoxic potential of 2-hexanone. A battery of in vitro genotoxicity tests with 2- hexanone would be useful as a preliminary step in assessing its mutagenic potential and determining if further genotoxicity tests would appear to be warranted. 

Studies evaluating the genotoxic potential of hexachlorobutadiene indicate that hexachlorobutadiene does not affect fertility in male rats. In dominant lethal tests in rats, fertility indices, number of corpora lutea or implantations, or the frequency of early death did not differ between animals that inhaled vapors of hexachlorobutadiene at concentrations up to 50 ppm and their unexposed controls (NIOSH 1981). 

The genotoxic potential of chlorine dioxide and chlorite has been assessed in a number of standard genotoxicity test systems, resulting in both positive and negative results. Chlorine dioxide tested positive... 

Gamez, R., I. Rodeiro, I. Fernandez, and P.C. Acosta. Preliminary evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of D-003 mixture of very long chain fatty acids. Teratog Car-cinog Mutagen 2002 22(3) 175-181. Menendez, R., R. Mas, A. M. Amor, et al. Inhibition of rat lipoprotein lipid... 

The genotoxic potential of brinzolamide was evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) with S typhimurium and E coli, an in vitro mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay (MLFMA), an in vivo... 

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