Assay Reverse

Moriya M, Ohta T, Watanabe K, et al. 1983. Eurther mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assay systems. Mutat Res 116 185-216. 

Fujikawa K, Ryo H, Kondo S. 1985. The Drosophila reversion assay using the unstable zeste-white somatic eye color system. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 319-324. 

Mutagenicity. The mutagenicity of nitro PAHs has been studied most extensively in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay ( 5). The mutagenicities of representative nitro PAHs in this assay are shown in Table I. Some of the more important features regarding their mutagenicity can be summarized as follows ... 

Tezuka H, Ando N, Suzuki R, et al. 1980. Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with pesticides positive in microbial reversion assays. Mutat Res 78 177-191. 

Utilising a reversion assay in Salmonella enterica, Prieto et al reported an increased frequency of point mutations following bile-salt exposure. Mutations were predominantly nucleotide substitutions (GC to AT transitions) and -1 frameshift mutations.The frameshifts were dependent on SOS induction and linked to the activity of DinB polymerase (Pol IV). The authors proposed that the GC to AT transitions stimulated by bile, could have arisen from oxidative processes giving rise to oxidised cytosine residues. Consistent with this hypothesis, the authors demonstrated that strains of S. enterica-lacking enzymes required for base-excision repair (endonuclease III and exonuclease IV) and the removal of oxidised bases, demonstrated increased bile-acid sensitivity compared with competent strains. In another study using E. coli, resistance to the DNA-damaging effects of bile was associated with Dam-directed mismatch repair, a pathway also involved with the repair of oxidative DNA lesions. ... 

Morimoto, I., F. Watanabe, T. Osawa, T. Okitsu and T. Kada. Mutagenicity screening of crude drugs with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/micro-some reversion assay. Mutat Res 1982 97 81-102. 

FIGURE 10.14 Diagram of procedure for the standard Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay for chemical mutagens (Maron and Ames, 1983). 

As with the Salmonella reversion assay, this shortterm test is conducted both without (— PMS) and with metabolic activation produced by addition of post-mitochondrial supernatant containing rat liver enzymes ( + PMS). These terms are equivalent to — S9 and + S9 in the Ames reversion assay we use the latter designation for both types of bacterial assays. A more sensitive micro-forward mutation bioassay using this TM677 strain to determine the mutagenicity of indoor air particles, including ETS and wood smoke, is described by Lewtas et al. (1987). 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP, XXVIII) is a powerful human cell mutagen in strain hlAlv2, 7 times more potent than BaP (Durant et al., 1996 Hannigan et al., 1998), and a strong promutagen in both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Eisenstadt and Gold, 1978) and the Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 forward mutation assay (Kaden et al.., 1979) ... 

TA100 see article) without S9 mix ( —S9, direct activity) and with added S9 (+ S9, indirect activity, promutagens) using a preincubation procedure (Yahagi et al., 1977) of the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames et al., 1975 Maron and Ames, 1983). 

In one of the first studies of the vapor-phase mutagenicity of polluted urban air, Alfheim and co-workers (1985) collected both ambient particles and vapor-phase compounds and used the Salmonella typhlmurium reversion assay. The direct activities ( —S9) of the extracts generally exceeded the promutagenicities (+ S9), and furthermore, the vapor-phase mutagenicity ranged from 0 to 88% of the total activity. 

For example, Legzdins and co-workers (1994) used the bioassay-directed fractionation and chemical analysis technique to isolate, identify, and quantify 2-nitrofluoranthene in extracts of ambient particles collected in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They found it accounted for 70% of the total nonpolar direct bacterial mutagenicity (strain YG1021, standard reversion assay, Maron and Ames, 1983). 

Kleindienst, T. E., P. B. Shepson, E. O. Edney, and L. D. Claxton, Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Measurement of Its Mutagenic Activity Using the Sa/mone/to/Mammalian Microsome Reversion Assay, Mutat. Res., 157, 123-128 (1985b). 

Mehta, R.D. von Borstel, R.C. (1981) Mutagenic activity of 42 encoded compounds in the haploid yeast reversion assay, strain XV185-14C. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds, Progress in Mutation Research, Vol. 1, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program, Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland. pp. 414 423... 

Moriya, M., Ohta, T., Watanabe, K., Miyazawa, T.. Kato, K. Shirasu, T. (1983) Further mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assays systems. Mutat. Res., 116, 185-216... 

---