Mammalian cell assays

The principal tests can be broadly categorized into microbial and mammalian cell assays. In both cases the tests are carried out in the presence and absence of in vitro metabolic activation enzymes, usually derived from rodent liver. 

Arlett, C.E, Smith, D.M., Clark, G.M., Green, J.H.L., Cole, J., McGregor, D.B. and Asquith, J.C. (1989). Mammalian cell assays based upon colony formation. In UKEMS Subcommittee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing. Report Part III Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data, (Kirkland, D.J., Ed.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 66-101. 

Brusick, D. (1987). Genotoxicity produced in cultures mammalian cell assays by treatment conditions. Special issue. Mutation Res. 189 1-80. 

Genotoxicity. No in vivo studies were found in humans or animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to endrin. Microbial assays and one mammalian cell assay have demonstrated that endrin does not have mutagenic potential with or without metabolic activation (Ames et al. 1975 Glatt et al. 

Genotoxic Effects. No studies were located that assessed the potential, if any, of di-w-octylphthalate to induce genotoxic effects in either humans or animals exposed via the inhalation, oral, or dermal routes. No mammalian cell assays on di-ra-octylphthalate were found. 

EGBE did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cell assays in vitro, and in vivo it did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells of rodents. It was not mutagenic in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. ... 

In genotoxic assays, commercial hexane, consisting of -hexane and other six-carbon isomers, did not produce chromosomal mutations either in vitro or in vivo Results have generally been negative in bacterial assays and in other mammalian cell assays. Morphologic alterations in sperm were noted in one inhalation study in rats. ... 

Hydrogen chloride was not mutagenic in bacteria, but it did cause chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cell assays. ... 

Mutagenesis Tetracycline and oxytetracycline have produced positive mutagenic results in mammalian cell assays in vitro. 

In vitro mammalian cell assay chromosome aberrations or tk mutations in mouse lymphoma cells 10 mM In vitro mammalian cell assay chromosome aberrations or tk mutations in mouse lymphoma cells or in vitro micronucleus assay 1 mM or 0.5 mg/ml top concentration No in vitro mammalian assay... 

The bacterial and mammalian cell assays for gene mutation were developed to measure statistically significant increases in the numbers of mutant colonies derived from rare events many millions of exposed cells must be plated out to allow the assessment of mutation frequency. The Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) is carried out in a variety of different mutant strains selected to identify the various classes of mutation. The test generates many hundreds of Petri dishes for counting and is not practical for profiling. 

The mouse lymphoma assay is in fact just one of several mammalian cell assays designed to determine increases in mutation rate. It focuses on the thymidine kinase (tk) assay in murine lymphoma cells (L5178Y), though tk data have also been produced from the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6, and at the hgprt (hypox-anthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase) locus in Chinese Hamster ovary or lung (V79) cells and mouse lymphoma cells. Since Ames mutation data and often... 

There were no positive results in genotoxicity studies using bacterial or mammalian cell assays. 

Diuron was not mutagenic in a number of bacterial and mammalian cell assays. 

Nickel compounds are generally negative in bacterial gene mutation assays, but positive responses have often been found in in vitro mammalian cell assays. 

Other jet fuels and related middle distillate fractions (MDFs) have been tested in bacteria and in vitro mammalian cell assays. As summarized by IARC (1989), jet fuel A and JP-5 were not mutagenic in Salmonella reverse-mutation assays. Neither was MD API 81-07, a hydrodesulfurized kerosene sample (Pennzoil 1988, as reviewed by Skisak 1991). 

Short-term genotoxicity tests, including bacterial and mammalian cell assays, are widely used to assess potential carcinogenicity of chemical and physical agents, owing to the prominent role of genetic effects in the initiation and promotion of cancer however, the predictive value of such tests is far from absolute (114). Of the carcinogens listed as class I substances, Cr(Vl)... 

Mutagenic chemicals have been detected in the tissues of M. edulis and other molluscs from the field using a variety of microbial, yeast and mammalian cell assay systems (Parry et al. 1976, 1981 Parry and Al-Mossawi 1979 Dixon et al. 1982 Kadhim and Parry 1984 Parry 1985). Significant mutagenic activity was found in mussels from sites associated with pollution, whereas mussels from other sites had little or no mutagenic activity. Mutagenic activity was lower in tissues extracted with chloroform/methanol than in those extracted with concentrated nitric acid, and whereas incubation with rat liver microsomes increased the mutagenic activity in both types of tissue extract, incubation with mussel microsomes only increased it in... 

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